<p>The Seth Aldrich House or S. Aldrich House is an historic house located at 317 Aldrich Street, in Uxbridge, Massachusetts. On October 7, 1983, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The section where the house is located is also known as "Aldrich Village". There is an historic Quaker Meeting House here, known as "The Old Brick", among other local historic sites. The Town of Uxbridge was first settled in 1662. The Aldrich Family of Mendon and Uxbridge, became a political force in American politics. The original ancestor was George Aldrich of Mendon, who may have been buried near the Seth Aldrich Home, in the family cemetery. Senator Nelson Aldrich, an Aldrich family descendent from Rhode Island, set up the banking industry and finance system in the USA Former Vice President, Nelson Aldrich Rockefeller, was named for his mother&#39;s father, USA Senator Nelson Aldrich. Other Aldriches in political service included, William Aldrich, Richard S. Aldrich, and J. Frank Aldrich. There are a number of Aldrich homes along Aldrich Street, and Glendale Street in the south Uxbridge section of Uxbridge. The area generally is also often referred to as Ironstone, Massachusetts.</p><br>
<p>In the 1820&ndash;30s, nearby Aldrich Village sprang up as a community of the extended family of the Aldriches. The Aldrich family were Quakers and their community included their homes, businesses including the Jacob Aldrich Farm (and Orchard) at 389 Aldrich Street which is a light colored brick home made in a kiln nearby on River Road.</p><br>
<p>364 Aldrich Street was owned by Daniel Aldrich who ran a saw mill, a blacksmith shop and a wheelwright shop which produced numerous products such as roof shingles, wagons, and lumber. A one room schoolhouse was in the community as was an ice house cutting and storing ice from Aldrich Pond. 317 Aldrich Street was the home of Seth Aldrich and the family cemetery `is on Glendale Street, near the border with Burrillville, Rhode Island.</p><br>
<p>The Daniel Aldrich Cottage and Sawmill is a historic property at 364 Aldrich Street in Uxbridge, Massachusetts. It includes a c. 1830s late Federal style brick cottage, and at one time also included a rare surviving small-scale sawmill, built about 1835. They were built by Daniel Aldrich, member of a locally prominent family, were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Daniel Aldrich property is located on the south side of Aldrich Street in a rural area of central southern Uxbridge. The house is a 1-1/2 story brick structure, with a side gable roof and end chimneys. The front facade is laid in stretcher bond, while the other sides are laid in common bond. The front has five bays, with a center entrance flanked by sidelight windows. A wood-frame Greek Revival ell extends to the east. Located southwest of the house is a barn.</p><br>
<p>East of the house, across a small brook, stood a modest single-story wood frame structure with a gable roof and clapboard siding. Possibly dating to about the same period as the house, it was a rare surviving example of a small 19th-century sawmill. Most of the building has been demolished since it was listed on the National Register.</p><br>
<p>Beginning in the 1820s, Aldrich Village developed as a community of the extended family of the Aldriches. The Aldrich family were Quakers and their community included their homes and businesses they operated. This property was owned by Daniel Aldrich, who ran a saw mill, a blacksmith shop and a wheelwright shop which produced numerous products such as roof shingles, wagons, lumber. The property was later taken over by Daniel&#39;s son Gideon, but it is not clear if he used the mill in his lumber-related businesses.</p><br>
<p>The Jacob Aldrich House, also known as the J. Aldrich House, is an historic house located at 389 Aldrich Street, in Uxbridge, Massachusetts. On January 20, 1984, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Aldrich family were Quakers and their community included their homes, businesses including the Jacob Aldrich Farm (and Orchard) at 389 Aldrich Street which is a light colored brick home made in a kiln nearby on River Road. The Jacob Aldrich Farm and Orchard is located on Massachusetts Route 98, in a village of similar homes from the 18th and 19th century. The house is 2-1/2 stories in height, with end chimneys and a side gable roof. The main facade is five bays wide and symmetrical, with a center entrance flanked by sidelight windows and narrow pilasters, which rise to a semi-oval Federal-style fan. The brickwork is somewhat unusual, with the occasional use of square bricks on the outer walls.</p><br>
<h2>Aldrich Village</h2><br>
<p>In the 1820-30s, Aldrich Village sprang up as a community of the extended family of the Aldriches. The Aldrich family began in America in Mendon with George Aldrich, and the family eventually became a political force (see the article on the Seth Aldrich House for more info). The Aldrich family were Quakers and their community included their homes and businesses including the Jacob Aldrich Farm. 364 Aldrich Street was owned by Daniel Aldrich who ran a saw mill, a blacksmith shop and a wheelwright shop which produced numerous products such as roof shingles, wagons, lumber. 364 Aldrich is also on the Historic Register as are several other homes in this vicity. For a more complete listing of these older Quaker Homes on the National Register in Uxbridge, please see the link below for local historic listings. A one room schoolhouse was in the community as was an ice house cutting and storing ice from Aldrich Pond. 317 Aldrich Street was the Seth Aldrich House and the family cemetery is on Glendale Street.</p><br>
<p>The Moses Farnum House is an historic house located on Route 146A. in Uxbridge, Massachusetts. On October 7, 1983, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Moses Farnum was born, son of John C. Farnum, Jr of Chockalog(Nipmuc "for dry fox place or burned place") at Uxbridge (then Mendon), Massachusetts Colony, on September 8, 1701, and died September 8, 1770.</p><br>
<p>He was a farmer in Uxbridge and Douglas.</p><br>
<p>Moses Farnum&#39;s descendent, EB Farnum, became Mayor of and was a pioneer at Deadwood, South Dakota. Moses Farnum was a prominent landowner in the pre-Revolutionary War era of Colonial Massachusetts.</p><br>
<p>The site of the Moses Farnum farm and house became the site of a Quaker meeting house circa 1770. Quakers from Smithfield, Rhode Island, abolitionists, with ties to Moses Brown whose family had founded Brown University, and some of whom were among the first in America to free slaves, settled here. Moses Farnum&#39;s father, John C. Farnum, Jr., who died in 1749 is also buried in the Quaker Cemetery at this site.</p><br>
<p>The Elisha Southwick House is an historic house located at 255 Chocolog Road, in Uxbridge, Massachusetts, United States. It is a 1-1/2 story wood frame Cape style house, five bays wide, with a side gable roof, central chimney, clapboard siding, and granite foundation. Its main facade is symmetrical, with a center entrance flanked by pilasters and topped by a transom window. The windows in the side bays are butted against the cornice in the Federal style. Probably built in the 1820s, it is a well-preserved example of vernacular Federal period architecture. Elisha Southwick was a tanner and shoe manufacturer. David L. Southwick, who owned the house in the later decades of the 19th century, was a blacksmith who lived in the house in the late 1800s and built Conestoga wagon wheels.</p><br>
<p>On October 7, 1983, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Lake Conasauga is a 19 acre lake in the Lake Conasauga Campground located near the summit of Grassy Mountain in the Chattahoochee National Forest in northern Georgia, United States. It is the highest lake in Georgia at 3,150 ft above sea level. It was built by the Civilian Conservation Corps, which finished it in 1940.</p><br>
<p>Lake Conasauga camp ground is managed by the Armuchee-Cohutta Ranger District of the USA Forest Service. The area opens in mid-April and closes in late October</p><br>
<h2>Camping</h2><br>
<p>The campground has 35 family camping units located directly on the lake and in the surrounding woods with restrooms and water faucets. While each campsite has a tent pad, picnic table, fire ring and lantern post, there is no electricity available on the mountain.</p><br>
<h2>Day use</h2><br>
<p>In addition to camping, the campground area also offers a Day Use area with a roped-off swimming area, picnic tables, grills, group shelters and restrooms as well as several hiking trails located on Grassy Mountain including the 1.2 mi Lake Conasauga Trail, the 1.7 mi Songbird Trail and the 2 mi Grassy Mountain Tower Trail.</p><br>
<p>The lake was restocked with Bass (fish), bluegill, and trout several years ago and offers fishing from the bank or from the water only from canoes or electric-powered boats that can be launched from a boat ramp located across the lake from the Day Use area.</p><br>
<p>The A. Chapin House is a historic house located at 36 Pleasant Street, in Uxbridge, Massachusetts.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>It is a 2-1/2 story wood-framed structure, with a front-facing gable roof and clapboard siding. The building corners are pilastered, and it has a wide cornice. The front entry is flanked by sidelight windows and pilasters. The house was built c. 1855-57 as a typical Greek Revival side hall entry house. It was restyled in 1880, adding significant Gothic Revival styling, including an ornately decorated porch. Little is known about most of its owners, including A. Chapin, its first documented owner (1857).</p><br>
<p>On October 7, 1983, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places, where it is listed at 26 Pleasant Street.</p><br>
<p>The E. Albee House is an historic house located at 217 Chapin Street, in Uxbridge, Massachusetts. Probably built in the mid-18th century, it is a well-preserved example of rural vernacular period architecture. On October 7, 1983, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The E. Albee House stands in a rural area of eastern Uxbridge, on the south side of Chapin Street not far west of the town line with Mendon. It is a 2-1/2 story wood frame structure, with a gambrel roof extending down to the first floor, brick central chimney, granite foundation, and clapboarded exterior. The north-facing front facade is five bays wide, with the entrance set in the bay right of center, and the windows otherwise placed somewhat asymmetrically. It is likely that the original main facade is that facing south. An early 19th-century barn stands across the street to the north.</p><br>
<p>The construction date of the house is unknown, but is believed to be mid-18th century, based on the similarity of its construction methods and details to other local houses that survive from that period, including the Samuel Taft House and the Coronet John Farnum Jr. House. It is possible that the 1855 owner of the property, E. Albee, was related to 17th century settlers of Mendon.</p><br>
<p>The Farnum Block was an historic commercial building located at 1 South Main Street, in Uxbridge, Massachusetts. It was a three-story brick building with Renaissance Revival styling, and was built sometime between 1895, when a fire destroyed commercial buildings in the area, and 1898.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Farnum Block stood at the northern end of a short series of commercial blocks in the center of Uxbridge, on the west side of Main Street at its junction with Mendon Street. It was three stories in height, built of red brick in the Renaissance Revival style. The ground floor housed two commercial store fronts, topped by a metal cornice. The upper floors were divided vertically into three sections, defined by recessed arched panels, with paired sash windows at each level. Decorative pressed brick panels were set between the arched panels, and the building was crowned by a decorative metal cornice with modillions and egg-and-dart moulding. The side walls were more plainly finished.</p><br>
<p>The block was built about 1895, and was designed to house retail spaces on the ground floor, professional offices on the second, and an auditorium/meeting space on the third. This building plan was typical for commercial buildings of the period, as also seen in Uxbridges Bank Building (destroyed by fire in 2013). Nothing is known of this buildings first owner, H. S. Farnum.</p><br>
<p>The Butler County Courthouse is a government building of Butler County located in the county seat, Butler, Pennsylvania.</p><br>
<p>The current structure is the third courthouse to have been built for the county. The original courthouse, built in 1807, was a small structure made of stone. James P. Bailey, who was responsible for the construction of Old Main at Geneva College became the architect of the new courthouse after the second one was destroyed by a fire in 1883. It was built in 1885, and is a three-story, brick and sandstone building in an interpretation of the High Victorian Gothic style. It features a large central, four-faced clock tower with two double pyramid shaped roofs.</p><br>
<p>Bailey&#39;s courthouse still stands today, and is currently the tallest structure in downtown Butler.</p><br>
<p>The facility includes a Westinghouse elevator installed in the late 50s early 60s, several stained glass windows, a grand staircase connecting the first and second floors. The first and second floors are more designed to be gothic and art deco with several crown moldings, domed ceilings, marble floors and walls, and woodwork as well. The upper two floors have been made into offices and courtrooms. In the early 1990s a new government annex building was constructed beside the courthouse. The two structures are connected via skywalk. The annex building is 5 stories and consists of 2 basement levels, making a total of 7 floors. All 7 levels house offices and courtrooms.</p><br>
<p>The Butler County Courthouse was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977.</p><br>
<p>White Top is a knob and spur of Cheat Mountain in southeastern Randolph County, West Virginia, USA. Sitting at an elevation of 4,085 ft, it is located just west of the Shavers Fork of Cheat River and Cheat Bridge. While White Top was originally crossed by the Staunton-Parkersburg Turnpike, modern-day USA Route 250 skirts the base of the knob beside Shavers Fork to the north and east.</p><br>
<h2>Cheat Summit Fort (Fort Milroy)</h2><br>
<p>White Top is perhaps best known as the site of the highest Union camp during the American Civil War. Fort Milroy, also known as Cheat Summit Fort, offered an excellent view of the surrounding area including the Staunton-Parkersburg Turnpike which crossed about 100 ft below the fort. In guarding the Turnpike, Fort Milroy helped to guard entrance to the Tygart Valley River valley to the west.</p><br>
<p>Construction on Fort Milroy (named for Union Brigadier General Robert H. Milroy) began on July 16, 1861. Due to its high elevation, the Union Army faced a number of winter-related miseries. Snow was first reported for the year on August 13. Horses froze to death in mid-September. These issues, along with some success in driving Confederate forces from the area led to the abandonment of the fort in April 1862. One Indiana soldier is quoted as having said this of their departure: "With what a light step all started. Soon on the road turning at the brow of the hill, the fourteenth took what I fondly hope is their last look at Cheat Mountain."</p><br>
<p>The Cheat Summit Fort site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.</p><br>
<h3>Fort Milroy Cemetery</h3><br>
<p>A cemetery for those who died at Fort Milroy was built just south of the fort. All bodies were exhumed from the site after the Civil War ended with many being reinterred at West Virginia National Cemetery in Grafton. Depressions from the graves are still visible today.</p><br>
<p>As of 2008, Monongahela National Forest was working to develop interpretive signage for the site.</p><br>
<h2>Cheat Mountain salamander</h2><br>
<p>White Top is also known as the first location where the Cheat Mountain Salamander was identified. This small vertebrate species was identified in 1935 by M. Graham Netting and Leonard Llewellyn. The salamander is found only on Cheat Mountain and adjacent mountains in the West Virginia highlands.</p><br>
<p>For the largest city on the island of Basse-Terre and capital of Guadeloupe, see Basse-Terre. For the capital of Saint Kitts and Nevis see Basseterre.</p><br>
<p>Basse-Terre Island (île de Basse-Terre or île de la Basse-Terre) is the name of the western-half of Guadeloupe proper, in the Lesser Antilles. To the South lies Les Saintes and Dominica. In the North-East, it is separated from the other half of Guadeloupe proper, Grande-Terre, by a narrow sea channel called the Rivière Salée (in English Salt River).</p><br>
<p>Basse-Terre Island has a land area of 847.8 km&sup2;. At the 2006 census the population of Basse-Terre Island was 186,661 inhabitants living in 16 communes (municipalities). The population density was 220 PD/km2. The largest city on Basse-Terre Island is the city of Basse-Terre which had 37,455 inhabitants in its urban area at the 2006 census. The city of Basse-Terre is the prefecture (capital) of Guadeloupe.</p><br>
<h2>Name</h2><br>
<p>Despite its name, Basse-Terre Island (literally "Low Land" Island, "Down Land" Island) is the highest island of Guadeloupe, rising to 1,467 m above sea level at the Soufrière volcano. The name of the island is the result of French terminology used in the Caribbean in the 17th century. In the Caribbean, the prevailing winds blow from the northeast (see trade wind), thus the western side of the Caribbean islands, the leeward side (in French, côte sous le vent), protected from the trade winds, was called the Basse-Terre ("Down Land") in 17th-century French because it is situated downwind compared to the eastern side of the Caribbean islands, the windward side (in French, côte au vent), which is exposed to the trade winds and was called the Cabesterre.</p><br>
<p>This distinction between a Basse-Terre (western side of an island) and a Cabesterre (eastern side of an island) was used in several Caribbean islands colonized by France. The capital of Saint Kitts and Nevis, for example, was named Basseterre because it is located on the western side of the island of Saint Kitts. Basse-Terre Island was originally called "Guadeloupe" (a name which did not originally include the sister island of Grande-Terre) and as in other French Caribbean islands its western side was called Basse-Terre while its eastern side was called Cabesterre. The capital and main settlement of Guadeloupe was established on the Basse-Terre side of the island in the 17th century and was simply called the city of Basse-Terre (in the same way as what happened in Saint Kitts). Later in the 18th century, the entire island (and not just its western side) came to be known as Basse-Terre Island, probably under the influence of its largest settlement the city of Basse-Terre, and the name Guadeloupe was then used for the combined islands of Basse-Terre Island and Grande-Terre.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>La Grande Soufrière, the tallest mountain in the Lesser Antilles, is located on the island. It rises to 1,467 m high and is an active volcano. The surrounding area of Basse-Terre has a rough volcanic relief fertile land. The surrounding areas of Basse-Terre consists of forest, grassland and sugar, coffee, banana and cocoa plantations. The island has a land area of 847.8 km&sup2;.</p><br>
<p>The eastern coast of Basse-Terre Island, known as the Windward Coast (in French, Côte-au-vent), is exposed to the trade winds and receives a lot of rain, whereas the western coast of the island, known as the Leeward Coast (in French, Côte-sous-le-vent) is protected from the winds by the Soufrière volcano and is thus much drier.</p><br>
<h2>Towns</h2><br>
<p>The most populated communes (municipalities) on the island are, in descending order of population, Baie-Mahault (western part of Pointe-à-Pitre urban area), Petit-Bourg, Capesterre-Belle-Eau, Sainte-Rose, Lamentin, Basse-Terre, and Saint-Claude (part of Basse-Terre urban area).</p><br>
<h2>Sights</h2><br>
<p>Above the city of Basse-Terre on a mountain road, is the village of Saint-Claude, at the base of the Soufrière volcano. The village is noted for its coffee and banana plantations & stately homes. Tours to ascend the Soufrière can be arranged. The starting point is at Saint-Claude. The volcano is currently dormant.</p><br>
<p>About 3 mi east, is the village of Gourbeyre where Fort Louis Delgres was built in 1650 by Charles Houël. This fort guarded the approach to the city of Basse-Terre and served in several battles against the British.</p><br>
<p>About 8 mi south-south-east is the village of Trois-Rivières, a fishing community rich in ancient settlements of the peaceful Arawaks. Near the village is an archaeological park which features sculpted and engraved rocks and relics left by the Arawaks in a grotto deep in the forest.</p><br>
<p>A few beaches are located along the coast, north and south of the city of Basse-Terre. There are also fishing areas.</p><br>
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<p>Carlow Castle  is located near to the River Barrow in County Carlow, Ireland. It was built between 1207 and 1213, and is a National Monument of Ireland.</p><br>
<h2>History and Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The earliest written record of this castle is from 1231 but it does not name its builder. It is widely assumed that the castle was built by William Marshal the elder in the time period between 1207 and 1213 which he spent in Ireland. The castle in Carlow was the very first of its kind in Ireland, a towered keep, where a huge rectangular tower is surrounded by four smaller three-quarter-circular towers at the corners of the rectangle. Similar castles of the same period were erected in Ferns, Lea, and Terryglass.</p><br>
<p>The inner castle measured 16 x, the towers had a diameter of 15 ft, and the walls were 9 ft thick. and two latrines. The latter indicates that the space was divided. The entrance door was in the first floor but is now broken out.</p><br>
<p>The castle was handed over to the crown in 1306, granted in 1312 to Thomas Plantagenet, confiscated by the crown in 1537 as the landlords were absent, bought by the Earl of Thomond in 1616, changed hands multiple times until it was taken by Oliver Cromwell in 1650 but was later returned to the Earl of Thomond. In 1814 the castle was widely destroyed in an attempt to create more space for the conversion into a lunatic asylum with the help of explosives. Just the outer face of the west wall and the two neighbouring towers could be preserved.</p><br>
<h2>Literature</h2><br>
<p>St. Joseph Oratory, founded in 1855, is a historic German Catholic church located at 1828 Jay Street in the Eastern Market–Lafayette Park neighborhood area just outside downtown Detroit, on the city&#39;s central east side. The building is on the National Register of Historic Places and deemed "of national importance" because of its stained glass. Formerly a parish church of the Archdiocese of Detroit, it is presently an oratory dedicated to the celebration of the extraordinary form of the Roman Rite  under the care of the canons of the Institute of Christ the King Sovereign Priest.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Gothic structure of the church, inspired by Himpler´s church St. Katharina (1860-1863) in Wallerfangen (Saarland), had its cornerstone laid in 1870 and was dedicated in 1873, making it one of the oldest extant churches in Detroit. Francis G. Himpler, a Ottweiler (Germany)-born New York architect, designed the building which is considered one of the Midwest&#39;s best examples of Victorian Gothic architecture, especially so because the structure is effectively unaltered. The building is distinguished by its stained glass, notable in its intricate designs and wide usage. Also of note is the woodwork, statuary, and original high altar in the interior. St. Joseph Church was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972; the buildings in the surrounding complex were added in 1992.</p><br>
<h2>Traditional worship</h2><br>
<p>In its time as a parish church, St. Joseph continued traditional worship throughout its history, maintaining the Latin language, alongside vernacular German and English, in its Novus Ordo Masses after the Second Vatican Council. Many Masses were celebrated ad orientem, with a free-standing altar available for priests who preferred it. In Fall 2007, after a 37-year absence, the parish reinstated the Latin Tridentine Mass, which was widely replaced when Pope Paul VI promulgated the Novus Ordo Mass in 1969.</p><br>
<p>The parish is known for its musical heritage, offering orchestral Masses composed by the likes of Haydn, Mozart, Schubert, and lesser known composers on certain Sundays and Holy Days, and maintaining traditional choir and organ music. The St. Joseph tracker organ is a powerful instrument in a fine acoustical space. Originally built by J. H. & C. S. Odell for the present Church structure in 1873, the organ was greatly altered about 1910 and again in the early 1940s. Having declined into unplayability, it was replaced for the celebration of the church building&#39;s centennial in 1973 by the organ builder William M. Worden, using many of the Odell pipes. It currently contains twenty-nine stops. For greater general participation during the Latin Mass, St. Joseph Parish is one of the very few parishes probably in the entire United States to have available for use, even by the entire congregation, the Gregorian Missal published by the monks of Solesmes.</p><br>
<h2>Current status</h2><br>
<p>On June 19, 2013, by a decree from his excellency Allen H. Vigneron, Archbishop of Detroit, the clustered parishes of St. Joseph, Sweetest Heart of Mary and St. Josaphat were merged to create the new Mother of Divine Mercy Parish.</p><br>
<p>On August 29, 2016, Archbishop Vigneron announced that effective October 2016, St. Joseph Church would be separated from Mother of Divine Mercy Parish to become St. Joseph Oratory under the care of the Institute of Christ the King Sovereign Priest and would be dedicated to the celebration of the traditional Latin Mass. The first Mass under the watch of the canons of the Institute was celebrated on October 16, 2016. The Reverend Canon Michael Stein currently serves as rector of the oratory.</p><br>
<p>Bruynswick School No. 8 is a former school located on Bruynswick Road  in the small hamlet of the same name in the northwestern portion of Shawangunk, New York, United States. It is one of the few remainders of a time when Bruynswick was more populous.</p><br>
<p>The building is on a small lot next to the Shawangunk Valley firehouse on the west side of the road, just south of the Gardiner town line. The Shawangunk Ridge dominates the view to the west across mostly open rural land. It is a frame one-room schoolhouse, three bays by three and one story in height. It sits on a stone foundation with a gabled roof shingled in asphalt.</p><br>
<p>The front facade faces east and features a centrally located entrance amid simple wooden surrounds and a lunette in the gable apex. The windows on either side have louvered shutters. A wood plaque above the door has "District No. 8" painted on it. Both north and south profiles have two similarly shuttered windows; with an additional, smaller third on the south with an awning. The rear is blank with the exception of a small shed addition.</p><br>
<p>Inside, much of the original floor plan and finishes remain. A bedroom has been created in the southeast corner, and a second-story loft added. The shed serves as a bathroom and utility room. A garage and privy are also located on the property; these are of modern construction and not considered contributing resources.</p><br>
<p>The schoolhouse was built in 1840 to replace an older school a quarter-mile (400 m) to the south. It continued to be used as a school until 1943, when the Wallkill Central School District was created. Some modifications, such as the front lunette, were made in the 1950s to convert it into a private home. In 2000 it was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Sistema Sac Actun  is an underwater cave system situated along the Caribbean coast of the Yucatán Peninsula with passages to the north and west of the village of Tulum. Exploration started from Gran Cenote 5 km west of Tulum. The whole of the explored cave system lies within the Municipality of Tulum .</p><br>
<p>In early 2007, the underwater cave Sistema Nohoch Nah Chich was connected into and subsumed into Sac Actun making it the longest surveyed underwater cave system in the world.</p><br>
<p>Sac Actun measured 230.8 km (after connecting Sistema Aktun Hu with 34 km in January 2011) and is as of May 2017 with an explored length of 259.5 km only surpassed by Sistema Ox Bel Ha at 270.2 km. Including connected dry caves makes Sistema Sac Actun with 347.7 km the longest cave in Mexico</p><br>
<h2>Upper Paleolithic remains</h2><br>
<p>In March 2008, three members of the Proyecto Espeleológico de Tulum and Global Underwater Explorers dive team, Alex Alvarez, Franco Attolini, and Alberto Nava, explored a section of Sistema Aktun Hu known as the pit Hoyo Negro. At a depth of 57 m the divers located the remains of a mastodon as well as at 43 m a human skull that might be the oldest evidence of human habitation in this area to date.</p><br>
<p>Loch Muick  is an upland, freshwater loch lying approximately 5 mi south of Braemar, Scotland at the head of Glen Muick and within the boundary of the Balmoral estate.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Loch Muick trends in a southwest and northeast direction and is approximately 2.25 mi in length. It is surrounded on both sides by steep hills. The loch is fed by many small streams, the largest being Allt an dubh Loch in the west which flows down from Dubh Loch. The outflow is the source of the River Muick. The name of loch, glen and river is pronounced "Mick".</p><br>
<p>The loch was surveyed on 8 July 1905 by T.N. Johnston and L.W. Collet and later charted as part of the Sir John Murray&#39;s Bathymetrical Survey of Fresh-Water Lochs of Scotland 1897-1909.</p><br>
<p>Drinking from the waters of the Loch is ill advised. The early 21st century produced several reports of walkers and cyclists alike developing strains of E.coli and campylobacter which, if left untreated, can be fatal.</p><br>
<h2>Flora and fauna</h2><br>
<p>A wide variety of bird and animal life can be found in and around the loch including red squirrel, red deer, oyster catchers, salmon and trout. Birch trees can be found around the edge of the loch.</p><br>
<h2>Glas-allt Shiel</h2><br>
<p>Glas-allt Shiel, the hunting lodge originally built for Queen Victoria and completed in 1868, lies at the western end of the north shore of the loch. The queen had previously used the lodge further north in the glen at Allt-na-giubhsaich but after the death of Prince Albert could no longer bear to stay there, with its associations. The cottage at Glas-allt Shiel was extended and became her new retreat. It is also known as the Widows House or the Widows Hut.</p><br>
<h2>Recreation</h2><br>
<p>The loch is popular with walkers as it is picturesque, has a fairly flat path around its perimeter and is accessible by road. The bothy behind Glas-allt Shiel is now maintained by Dundee University Rucksack Club.</p><br>
<p>Fishing on the loch is restricted and not available to the public. The Ballater Angling Association has permission from the Balmoral Estate to fish and it maintains a boathouse and slip at the north end of the loch.</p><br>
<p>Trimountain or Tri-mountain, est. 760 ft, is a traprock mountain located 6 mi southeast of Meriden, Connecticut. It is part of the narrow, linear Metacomet Ridge that extends from Long Island Sound near New Haven, Connecticut, north through the Connecticut River Valley of Massachusetts to the Vermont border. Trimountain is known for its scenic cliff faces, unique microclimate ecosystems, and rare plant communities. The mountain is traversed by the 51 mi Mattabesett Trail.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Trimountain is located in Durham and Wallingford, Connecticut. It takes its name from its overall triangular shape, its three southern pinnacles, and the three notches between the pinnacles. A prominent landscape feature that rises 500 ft above the surrounding valleys, Trimountain is roughly 1.5 mi long by 1 mi wide, although the steepness of the terrain makes the actual square mileage much larger. Although Trimountain has been subject to intensive quarrying, which has obliterated much of the northwestern face of the mountain, the Mattabesett Trail still traverses the southern pinnacles and the wooded eastern side of the mountain.</p><br>
<p>The Metacomet Ridge continues north from Trimountain as Besek Mountain and south as Fowler Mountain. The east side of Trimountain drains into the Coginchaug River, thence to the Connecticut River and Long Island Sound; the west side drains into the Muddy River, thence into the Quinnipiac River and Long Island Sound.</p><br>
<h2>Geology and ecology</h2><br>
<p>Trimountain, like much of the Metacomet Ridge, is composed of basalt, also called traprock, a volcanic rock. The mountain formed near the end of the Triassic Period with the rifting apart of the North American continent from Africa and Eurasia. Lava welled up from the rift and solidified into sheets of strata hundreds of feet thick. Subsequent faulting and earthquake activity tilted the strata, creating the cliffs and ridgeline of Trimountain. Hot, dry upper slopes, cool, moist ravines, and mineral-rich ledges of basalt talus produce a combination of microclimate ecosystems on the mountain that support plant and animal species uncommon in greater Connecticut. Trimountain is also an important raptor migration path. (See Metacomet Ridge for more information on the geology and ecosystem of Trimountain).</p><br>
<h2>Conservation and Recreation</h2><br>
<p>Trimountain is used for hiking, cross country skiing, and snowshoeing. The mountain is traversed by the 50 mi Mattabesett Trail (maintained by the Connecticut Forest and Park Association), which stretches from the northern end of Lamentation Mountain, south to Totoket Mountain and north again to the Connecticut River. Trimountain State Park, and undeveloped property, is located on the southeastern side of the mountain. A trailhead for the Mattabesett Trail on Trimountain is located at the junction of Connecticut Route 68 and Connecticut Route 157 in Reeds Gap between Trimountain and Besek Mountain, 3 mi west of Durham center.</p><br>
<p>The ridgeline of Trimountain and its ecosystem is most threatened by quarrying and suburban development. The quarry on the western side of the mountain was approximately 0.75 by as of 2007.</p><br>
<p>In 2000, Trimountain was included in a study by the National Park Service for the designation of a new National Scenic Trail now tentatively called the New England National Scenic Trail, which would include the Metacomet-Monadnock Trail in Massachusetts and the Mattabesett Trail and Metacomet Trail trails in Connecticut.</p><br>
<p>The and the have been active in conserving the viewshed of Trimountain.</p><br>
<p>Totoket Mountain, with a high point of  720 ft above sea level, is a traprock massif with several distinct summits, located 7 mi northeast of New Haven, Connecticut. It is part of the Metacomet Ridge that extends from the Long Island Sound near New Haven, north through the Connecticut River Valley of Massachusetts to the Vermont border. Totoket Mountain is known for its 500 ft scenic cliffs, unique microclimate ecosystems, rare plant communities, and for Lake Gaillard, a 2.5 mi public reservoir nearly enclosed by the mountain. The north ridge of Totoket Mountain is traversed by the 50 mi Mattabesett Trail and a significant network of shorter trails. The name "Totoket Mountain" applies to both the entire mountain and to a subordinate northwestern peak .</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The Metacomet Ridge continues north from Totoket Mountain as Pistapaug Mountain and south as Saltonstall Mountain. An outlying peak, Peter&#39;s Rock, lies to the west of Totoket Mountain. The west side of Totoket Mountain drains into the Farm River, thence to the East Haven River and Long Island Sound; the south side into the Branford River and Long Island Sound, the east side into West River and Long Island Sound, and the north side into Parmalee Brook, then to the Coginchaug River, thence to the Connecticut River and Long Island Sound.</p><br>
<h2>Geology and environment</h2><br>
<p>The origin of Totoket Mountain and the Metacomet Ridge dates back 200 million years ago with the rifting apart of North America from Eurasia in the process that would ultimately create the Atlantic Ocean. In the area that is now the Metacomet Ridge and surrounding sedimentary rock basin, massive basalt (traprock) lava flows spread across the prehistoric rift valley, some of them several hundred feet thick, over a period of 20 million years. Sediment accumulated between lava flows and lithified into sedimentary rock. After the rifting processes ceased, layers of strata faulted and tilted upward. Subsequent erosion, glaciation, and uplift exposed the weather resistant edge of the traprock lava sheets, creating the cliffline of the Metacomet Ridge as it is today. The mineral content and the shape of the ridge make possible a variety of microclimate ecosystems. Hot and dry cliff faces support plant and animal species uncommon so far north. Deeply gouged ravines support cooler climate species found in more northerly climes, while gradual backslope environments support species typical of the surrounding latitude. Talus slopes beneath cliffs accumulate minerals that support alkaline-loving plant species uncommon in surrounding acidic southern New England. Extensive cliffs provide ideal habitat and important migration corridors for raptor species.</p><br>
<p>See Metacomet Ridge for detailed information about the geology and ecosystem of Totoket Mountain.</p><br>
<h2>Conservation and recreation</h2><br>
<p>Recreational activities enjoyed on the mountain include hiking, mountain biking, hunting (in season), picnicking, fishing (certain locations only) and snowshoeing; many high cliffs provide excellent views of the rural countryside. The South Central Connecticut Regional Water Authority (SCCRWA) maintains two networks of trails on Totoket Mountain: Big Gulph on the northwest side of the mountain, and Sugarloaf Hills located in the center of the ridge. An admission permit (fee charged) is required to use these trails. The Northwoods trailhead area is located in the area of Bluff Head, on the northeast side of the mountain; it is maintained by the Guilford Land Trust and is free to the public; 500 ft sheer basalt cliffs and a firetower provide sweeping views. The 50 mile (80k) Mattabesett Trail (managed by the Connecticut Forest and Park Association), passes over Bluff Head and through the Northwoods area. A fourth trailhead is located in the gap between Pistapaug Mountain and Totoket Mountain.</p><br>
<p>Much of the mountain has been protected as public watershed. The balance of the landscape is relatively rural, with farmland and semi-rural home development in the center of the ridge and some conservation land on the northeast bluffs. The SCCRWA restricts public access on portions of its watershed property; boating and fishing on Lake Gaillard are prohibited.</p><br>
<p>Threats to Totoket Mountain and its unique habitat include suburban sprawl and quarrying. A large quarry operates on the southwest side of the mountain, but expansion is restricted by watershed property to the east and housing to the north.</p><br>
<p>In 2000, the north side of Totoket Mountain was included in a study by the National Park Service for the designation of a new National Scenic Trail now tentatively called the New England National Scenic Trail, which would include the Metacomet-Monadnock Trail in Massachusetts and the Mattabesett Trail and Metacomet Trail trails in Connecticut.</p><br>
<h3>Trailheads and parking</h3><br>
<p>The Northwoods-Bluff Head parking lot is located on Connecticut Route 77, 3.75 mi south of Durham center and 9 mi north of Guilford center. The Mattabesett Trail is accessible from this lot and via a trailhead located between Totoket Mountain and Pistapaug Mountain on Connecticut Route 17, 4 mi east of Northford center and 3.3 mi west of the junction of Route 77; parking is permitted along the road. The Big Gulph trailhead is located behind the Northford Park recreation fields on Connecticut Route 17, 2.2 mi east of Northford center and 5.4 mi west of the junction of Route 77. Parking is free, but a permit is required to use the trails. The Sugarloaf Hills trailhead and parking lot are located on West Street, 2 mi north of its junction with Connecticut Route 80 in North Branford. A permit is required to park and use the trails.</p><br>
<p>Fort Mountain is a mountain in northern Georgia, just east of Chatsworth. It is part of the Cohutta Mountains, a small mountain range at the southern end of the Appalachian Mountains. It also lies within the Chattahoochee National Forest.</p><br>
<p>Fort Mountain takes its name from a peak that has remnants of a stone formation around part of that peak. The stones, which are from the local area around the summit, are piled in a 928 ft-long discontinuous zig-zag line. Stone piles may be formed naturally by the thrust that causes a ridge to crest during the mountain&#39;s formation.</p><br>
<p>Early visitors referred to the formation as a fort, speculating that it was built by Hernando de Soto to defend against the Creek Indians around 1540. However, this theory was contradicted as early as 1917, as a historian pointed out that de Soto was in the area for less than two weeks.</p><br>
<p>The original construction and function of the formation as a fort is less accepted today and its origin remains unknown. The formation has been attributed to pre-Columbian native Americans. Early historians attributed the stone piles to a race of moon-eyed people, said to predate the Cherokee. The earliest known mention of this was by Benjamin Smith Barton (1766-1815).</p><br>
<p>Around and mostly south of the fort peak is Fort Mountain State Park, with camping and hiking areas, a mountain lake, and a variety of public facilities.</p><br>
<p>The Shuart-Van Orden Stone House is located on Allhusen Road in Plattekill, New York, United States, near the Thaddeus Hait Farm. The original stone house was built around 1765. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1995, as a highly stylized version of a typical Hudson Valley Dutch Colonial house, the use of brick and gambrel roof in its construction reflecting the influence of migrants from New Jersey and New York City, where that was more common.</p><br>
<h2>House and grounds</h2><br>
<p>The -story house has a five-bay the front constructed of brick from clay deposits on the site. A veranda with bell-shaped profile is found on the rear. It was extensively renovated in the 1980s to restore its original historical appearance and shore up the deteriorating east and west walls. During this time, a stone wing was added to the west, built from a stone house in nearby Modena. It houses the furnace and other modern mechanicals, leaving the cellar in its unique and original form.</p><br>
<p>The rebuilding of the east wall found an old archway, possibly added later, in the 19th century. Its doorway was covered over with stone sometime in the 19th century. The interior is divided into four chambers, with a center hall that features much of the original red paint and wainscoting. The handrail on the staircase is of a molding and shape very similar to that found at the nearby Locust Lawn Estate and its accompanying Terwilliger House.</p><br>
<p>There are four other buildings on the property, most dating from the early 19th century which includes an 18th-century Dutch barn that was relocated from Kingston, New York. A granary that dates to roughly 1800 is the only one considered a contributing property.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>It is one of the oldest houses in the town, although it has been added onto and rebuilt a great deal since its original construction. Johannis Shuart, an early settler from New Jersey, acquired 500 acre from one of the original patentees in 1772, and may well have been living there earlier. He sold the house and land to Peter Van Orden in 1799.</p><br>
<p>Van Orden opened up a store on the property opposite the house, where he also operated a distillery, a common practice at the time for that region. In 1886 it became the property of some heirs of his named Hasbrouck, who in turn sold it to George Rhinehart in 1928. His family owned it until 1980, continuing its agricultural uses, until selling it to its present owners, who renovated it extensively and discovered some previously hidden aspects of the house.</p><br>
<p>Burke Mountain is a mountain located in the "Northeast Kingdom" of Vermont. The bulk of the mountain is in Caledonia County, but its southeast side is in Essex County. It is flanked to the east by Umpire Mountain.</p><br>
<p>Burke Mountain stands within the watershed of the Passumpsic River. The northeast and northwest sides of Burke Mountain drain into Dish Mill Brook, thence into the East Branch of the Passumpsic River. The southwest end of Burke Mtn. drains into Mountain Brook, thence into the East Branch of the Passumpsic River. The south slopes and southeast side of Burke Mountain drain into Weir Mill Brook, thence into Bog Brook, the Moose River, and the Passumpsic River.</p><br>
<p>It is within the Darling State Forest Park of Victory State Forest. The Burke Mountain Ski Area has been developed on the northwest slopes of the mountain.</p><br>
<p>Burke Mountain was purchased by the owners of Jay Peak Resort in Jay Vermont.</p><br>
<h2>Weather</h2><br>
<p>Burke&#39;s average annual snowfall is 217 in.</p><br>
<h2>Skiing</h2><br>
<p>Burke Mountain Resort has 55 ski trails and 15 glades with 270 acres skiable of terrain and over 100 acres of glades. Among the 55 trails, 11% are designated "Green Circle" (Beginner trails), 47% are "Blue Square" (Intermediate), 33% are "Black Diamond" (Advanced), and 9% are "Double Black Diamond" (Expert). Burke also features three terrain parks. Two of the terrain parks are featured on the lower mountain, (Dashney Mile and Carter Country), with the remaining park (Open Slope) located above the Mid-Burke Lodge.</p><br>
<p>Burke Mountain Resort has a vertical drop of 2,011 ft and has 80% snowmaking. The mountain is serviced by 6 lifts: 2 high speed quads, 1 fixed grip quad and 3 surface lifts.</p><br>
<p>The Burke Mountain Academy is located there.</p><br>
<h2>Other mountain activities</h2><br>
<p>In wintertime, there are miles of ski-able terrain throughout the NEK (Northeast Kingdom). Burke Mountain is also located on the Vermont Association of Snow Travelers trails, making the resort accessible by snowmobile. Snowmobile rentals are available in the area. Snow biking is done on the Kingdom Trails Nordic trails.</p><br>
<p>In summertime, there is singletrack biking, Burke Bike Park, hiking, Hang Gliding, Paragliding, golfing, swimming, climbing, horseback riding, canoeing, kayaking, and fishing.</p><br>
<p>The River Tweed is a short tributary of the River Sence. It rises around the west of the village of Barwell, Leicestershire, England and flows westwards, crossing the A447 at Abraham&#39;s Bridge.</p><br>
<p>The Tweed is synonymous with many of the small rivers that rise in West Leicestershire. Starting from a number of small springs, it is not unknown for the river to flood, and as its source is in an urban area the flooding can hit a wide area.</p><br>
<p>The river meanders gently through the West Leicestershire flood plains, passing near the villages of Dadlington, Shenton, Sibson and to Ratcliffe Culey where it flows into the River Sence and thenceforth into the River Anker, itself a tributary of the River Tame.</p><br>
<p>At its source a rain drop could fall either side of a hill; on one side it takes a circuitous route via the Tweed, but on the other side it will flow via the River Soar to the Trent, although its eventual route is similar.</p><br>
<p>Lough Eske or Lough Eask is a small lake in County Donegal in the west of Ulster in Ireland. The lake lies to the northeast of Donegal Town, to which it is connected by the River Eske. The lake is about 900 acre in size and is surrounded to the north, east and west by the Bluestack Mountains, which occupy much of southern County Donegal.</p><br>
<h2>Recreation</h2><br>
<p>The lake and its tributaries are popular for fishing, especially for spring salmon, sea trout and char, with the season running from 1 March to 30 September.</p><br>
<p>Because of its scenic and unspoiled surroundings, the lake is a popular getaway destination, with two major hotels on its shores.</p><br>
<p>The area also has many forest paths: unassigned paths on the south-western shores of the lake and there are also newly reconstructed paths in Ardnamona Wood.</p><br>
<h2>Local population</h2><br>
<p>According to the 2006 census results, there are 119 people living in the Lough Eask Rural Area, down 16 (11.9%) from 2002.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The powerful Ó Domhnaill (ODonnell) clan had a castle and surrounding bawn on Island ODonnell, an island near the southern shore of the lough. Part of this bawn still stands on Island O&#39;Donnell. This castle was often used as a prison by the Ó Domhnaill chieftains.</p><br>
<p>Following the burning of the Franciscan Friary in Donegal Town in September 1601, the friars were forced to flee into the surrounding countryside. They set up a new friary on the western shores of Lough Eske, giving the name of The Friary to the local townland in the district of Killymard, and the Friars Walk along the shore of the lake. The friars remained in the vicinity of the lake for most of the following century but a Royal Proclamation in August 1687, ordering all Catholic clergy to leave Ireland within nine months, dealt the final blow to the Order in the Donegal area. Since they were brought to Donegal Town in the sixteenth century, the friars had had to abandon their convent on several occasions and it was frequently attacked and damaged, unsurprising given the political instability between the English and Gaelic Irish Lords at the time. About the time of the Royal Proclamation, its believed the Friars were based around the lake once more, close to Barnesmore on the east shore, near Roshin Island in the southeast corner of the lake, which is believed to have been used as a graveyard by the friars. There is still evidence of graves on the island to this day.</p><br>
<p>Following the Flight of the Earls in 1607, the Plantation of Ulster saw this area of Donegal granted to Sir Basil Brooke, who rebuilt and extended Donegal Castle. About this time a manor was also constructed on the shores of Lough Eske by Scottish settlers, a cornerstone at the manor was later noted to have been inscribed with the date 1621. In the first half of the nineteenth century, the Brooke family estates were passed to Thomas Young (who changed his name to Thomas Brooke) of Lough Eske Manor, through marriage with the heiress to the estate, Jane Grove. Thomas first built a new Church of Ireland called Christ Church on the southern shore of the Lake in 1846, before hiring the Derry architect Fitzgibbon Louch to completely redesign the existing manor house; the result was a grand Elizabethan-style residence finished in 1868 which became known as Lough Eske Castle. The castle was sold at the end of the century and later became a guest house; by the mid-twentieth century it was in a state of ruin, but was reopened as the Solis Lough Eske Hotel in December 2007. Meanwhile, the Church constructed in 1846 is still used as the parish church.</p><br>
<p>A Famine Pot from a local workhouse that was used during the Great Famine is now located on the shores of the lake as a testament to all locals who lost their lives or were forced to emigrate in the mid-1840s and 1850s.</p><br>
<h2>The Lough Eske Monster</h2><br>
<p>In July 1998, the Irish Daily Star published a story entitled ‘Look out, it’s Eskie’, which made claims of a ‘monster’ sighting in the lake. Staff and residents at Harvey’s Point Hotel told the reporter that at 2.30pm on Sunday, 28 June 1998, they saw an unidentified object moving about 300 m off the shore. Other locals interviewed, such as bed and breakfast owners Annabel and Kieran Clarke, repeated some of the local folklore when they told the paper that ‘some lakes in County Donegal are said to be connected by current to Scotland’, trying to make a link with the much more famous Loch Ness Monster. Some people suggested that the Lough Eske Monster was a publicity stunt by the chairman of the local Donegal Summer Festival committee, Zack Gallagher. He, however, has always denied this and has gone on record as believing in the existence of such a beast. The idea of a monster in Lough Eske was not raised after this and some commentators have suggested that it may have been a lost seal that swam the short distant up the River Eske from Donegal Bay.</p><br>
<p>Koumanis  is a mountain village and a community in the municipal unit of Foloi, Elis, Greece. Its population in 2011 was 498 for the village and 506 for the community, which includes the small villages Ai Giannakis and Kastania. Koumanis is located at 650 m above sea level, at the northern edge of the Foloi oak forest. The small rivers Gkoura and Koumaneiko form deep ravines near Koumanis. Its climate is cool during the summer and wet during the winter. Koumanis is 3 km east of the village Foloi, 3 km southeast of Antroni, 9 km southwest of Lampeia and 20 km northeast of Olympia. The inhabitants of Koumanis and the neighbouring village Antroni were known for their bravery during the Greek War of Independence.</p><br>
<h2>Population</h2><br>
<p>Gibson Lake is the cooling pond for Duke Energy Indianas Gibson Generating Station. Measuring at around 3,500 acre, it is the largest lake in Indiana built completely above ground, its shores consisting of rock levees on all but two of the lakes six sides both of which were also built up to build the power plant. Opened to fishing in 1978, Gibson Lake had been a prime source of bass and several types of catfish, bluegill, and carp. The lake was closed to fishing in 2007, due to elevated levels of selenium found in the water of the lake. The only entrance to Gibson Lake is the lake&#39;s boat ramp, located due southeast of the plant on Gibson County Road 975 South.</p><br>
<p>Gibson Lake, due to it never getting colder than 40 &deg;F, caused by the hot outflows from the plant&#39;s condensers, is known to produce a little dusting of snow every now and then.</p><br>
<h2>Wildlife</h2><br>
<p>The Gibson Lake and the rest of the Gibson Generating Station complex is home to several species of birds. They include:</p><br>
<p>Red-throated loon</p><br>
<p>Pacific loon</p><br>
<p>Eared grebe</p><br>
<p>Red-necked grebe</p><br>
<p>Western grebe</p><br>
<p>American white pelican</p><br>
<p>Brown pelican</p><br>
<p>Plegadis ibis</p><br>
<p>Snowy egret</p><br>
<p>Ross&#39;s goose</p><br>
<p>Wood stork</p><br>
<p>White-faced ibis</p><br>
<p>Glossy ibis</p><br>
<p>Black-bellied whistling duck</p><br>
<p>White-winged scoter</p><br>
<p>Surf scoter</p><br>
<p>Long-tailed duck</p><br>
<p>Golden eagle</p><br>
<p>Peregrine falcon</p><br>
<p>Wild turkey</p><br>
<p>King rail</p><br>
<p>Piping plover</p><br>
<p>Least tern</p><br>
<p>Green heron</p><br>
<p>Canada goose</p><br>
<p>Cackling goose</p><br>
<p>American avocet</p><br>
<p>Black-necked stilt</p><br>
<p>Whimbrel</p><br>
<p>Marbled godwit</p><br>
<p>Hudsonian godwit</p><br>
<p>Purple sandpiper</p><br>
<p>Red knot</p><br>
<p>Red phalarope</p><br>
<p>Laughing gull</p><br>
<p>Little gull</p><br>
<p>Sabine&#39;s gull</p><br>
<p>Glaucous gull</p><br>
<p>Iceland gull</p><br>
<p>Thayer&#39;s gull</p><br>
<p>Lesser black-backed gull</p><br>
<p>Pomarine jaeger</p><br>
<p>Parasitic jaeger</p><br>
<p>Swainson&#39;s hawk</p><br>
<p>Gyrfalcon</p><br>
<p>Snowy owl</p><br>
<p>Le Conte&#39;s sparrow</p><br>
<p>Henslow&#39;s sparrow</p><br>
<p>Great blue heron</p><br>
<p>Whooping crane</p><br>
<p>White-fronted goose</p><br>
<p>Mallard duck</p><br>
<p>Snow goose</p><br>
<p>Blue and green-winged teal</p><br>
<p>Many of these birds use the area as a stop-over on their respective destinations. Wildlife and bird watchers will notice that Google Earth and Garmin GPS maps refer to the lake&#39;s location as Broad Pond. The ancient Broad Pond-Cane Ridge-Wabash River oxbow was once considered for a National Wildlife Refuge.</p><br>
<h3>Specialty species</h3><br>
<p>Least terns - breed at Gibson Lake and Cane Ridge least tern habitat and may be seen anytime between mid-May and late August or early September.</p><br>
<p>Bald eagles - are common during the winter and are usually encountered on a drive around the levee. They nest in the area next to the Wabash River.</p><br>
<h2>Temperature</h2><br>
<p>The lake temperature very rarely falls below 40 &deg;F at its coldest point, due mainly to the plant&#39;s condenser discharges.</p><br>
<h3>Outflow (West) Side</h3><br>
<h3>Inflow (East) Side</h3><br>
<p>The two sides are separated by a splitter dike that juts approximately 500 yards into the lake from the main plant that forces the water to remain in the lake for around 1–2 weeks.</p><br>
<p>Bellevue Homestead is a heritage-listed homestead currently located in Coominya, Somerset Region, Queensland, Australia. It was built from to. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<p>The Bellevue property was the western part of the original Wivenhoe Run established in the 1840s which covered 38,000 acre on the western side of the Brisbane River valley. A large portion of this land is now part of the Wivenhoe Dam. The homestead was restored by the National Trust of Queensland between 1975 and 1980 after moving the buildings from the banks of the Brisbane River to the nearby town of Coominya to avoid being flooded.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>19th century</h3><br>
<p>In 1848, John Stephen Ferriter and Edmund Blucher Uhr squatted on 38,000 acre close to limits of convict colony of Moreton Bay and called it Wivenhoe Run after the town in England. They grazed sheep and built two single roomed huts. The eastern hut was called Wivenhoe Homestead and the western slab hut was called Bellevue Homestead. The following year Wivenhoe lease registered in New South Wales Government Gazette. A lease was purchased by Major William North Senior and son, Lieutenant Joseph North, of Fairney Lawn in 1858. Joseph North and wife lived in Wivenhoe Homestead and William North and wife lived in Bellevue Homestead hut. Soon after acquiring Wivenhoe, William North Snr established a 2,000 hectare section as Bellevue Station, on which he ran sheep.</p><br>
<p>In 1868, on the Bellevue portion, the Norths built a four-roomed family residence and a Governess residence with school room, guest bedroom and head stockmans room. An old slab hut was retained as the kitchen in a service wing. Outside bathrooms and toilets were built. In 1868-1869, the Queensland Government resumed the eastern half of Wivenhoe Run for subdivision and closer settlement, but the Norths were allowed to keep the lease of western half, the Bellevue Selection, under pre-emptive selection rights. Livestock was changed from sheep to cattle in 1870. In 1872, the Bellevue lease was purchased by Alexander Dunbar Campbell and John Hay. Five Deeds of Grant were issued. The earliest sections of Bellevue Homestead appear to date from the 1870s. None of the 1860s buildings have survived, with the older parts of the present homestead most likely constructed after the North family transferred the Bellevue leasehold to Campbell and Hay in 1872.</p><br>
<p>1880 saw the Certificate of Title purchased by Henry Grosvenor Simpson, Bellevue, and Alexander Dunbar Campbell from Sydney. Campbell became the sole owner in 1883; however, Henry Simpson and wife lived at and managed Bellevue Station from the 1870s to the 1890s. The Simpsons&#39; three children were born at Bellevue Homestead. In 1884, James Taylor MLA, who lived in Clifford House, Toowoomba, and owned Cecil Plains and several other cattle properties, purchased Bellevue for his son, George Condamine (Con) Taylor and his wife Edith Maud (née Harris, born at Newstead House in Brisbane in 1865, daughter of George Harris MLC).</p><br>
<p>Two years later the Brisbane Valley railway line extended from Lowood to Esk with a goods platform station built at the entrance to Bellevue cattle station. In 1887, Evelyn Maud Condamine Taylor was born at Bellevue Homestead followed by Cecile Taylor&#39;s birth at Bellevue Homestead in 1891.</p><br>
<p>During the Taylors&#39; occupancy, the 1893 Brisbane River flood washed away the mud walls of Bellevue Homestead. The walls were then clad outside with cedar weatherboards and inside with hoop pine boards covered with hessian (scrim) and wallpaper. Joan Taylor was born at Bellevue Homestead in 1897. On 6 February 1899, Con Taylor died at the homestead.</p><br>
<h3>20th century</h3><br>
<p>In 1901, widow Edith Maud Taylor married Charles Lumley Hill, Member of the Queensland Legislative Assembly, owner of several large cattle properties in Queensland, Northern Territory and Western Australia. Between 1902 and 1904 the Lumley Hills established a Hereford cattle stud by purchase of the Durandur stud, which dated back to the first imports of Herefords to the Cressy stud in Tasmania.</p><br>
<p>In 1903-1904 the Lumley Hills extended the homestead, adding a new dining room, guest suite, and servants quarters. Earlier sections of the house were renovated also.</p><br>
<p>In 1905, the name of Bellevue railway station and post office changed from Bellevue to Coominya. Charles Lumley Hill died in 1909. Nephew, Colin Hill, continued to manage Bellevue property until 1925.</p><br>
<p>The modification of the guest house and service wing occurred in 1920 for a visit by HRH Prince Edward, Prince of Wales. In 1925, Edith Maud Lumley Hill died and was buried in Toowong Cemetery, Brisbane. In the same year Bellevue was purchased by her daughter, Mrs Evelyn Watt (née Taylor) of Sydney.</p><br>
<p>In 1950, Evelyn Watt died. Christopher Alexander White and son purchased the property the following year, only to quickly sell it to Kenneth McLean. In 1953, the Hereford stud was sold. Bellevue was purchased by Valentine and Mary Crowe in 1965.</p><br>
<p>In 1975 Bellevue was resumed by the Queensland Co-Ordinator General, as part of the Wivenhoe Dam project. In the same year the homestead and associated buildings were acquired by the National Trust of Queensland, and between 1975 and 1980 were removed to nearby Coominya township, established in 1905 on part of the Bellevue selection. The Trust is restoring the complex to its 1904-1910 appearance. From 1980 to 2004, the National Trust opened Bellevue Homestead to the public for tours.</p><br>
<h3>21st century</h3><br>
<p>Between 2004 and 2007 Bellevue Homestead was purchased and operated by Ken and Tanya Bullen from Toowoomba. In 2007, Bellevue Homestead was purchased and since been operated by John and Laurel Dingle from Coominya.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Bellevue Homestead is located opposite Coominya railway station, close to the original entrance to the property. It consists of three interconnected dwellings with an attached service wing and separate farm buildings. The main farmhouse and guest house face northeast and are encircled by verandas, with a spine of kitchen, stores, servants hall and laundry attached at right angles, forming a T-shaped plan. A cottage, previously a school house and governess residence, is attached on the south-east forming a southern courtyard, and a row of barns and stables is located on the southwest. All buildings, with the exception of the hay loft, are single-storeyed and sit on timber stumps.</p><br>
<p>The main house comprises two chamferboard buildings which have corrugated iron hipped roofs and are joined by an enclosed verandah breezeway. The older main farmhouse has a projecting gable porch to the southwest and northeast entrances with a decorative timber barge board, truss and finial, and timber shingles are visible under the corrugated iron sheeting. The plan consists of three bedrooms and a drawing room or parlour with a central hall. The side verandahs have been enclosed to expand the rooms through large archways, the northwest being enclosed with very wide cedar chamferboards. Some rooms are in the process of restoration and show different layers of the building&#39;s fabric, including pit sawn framing with mortice and tenon joints and hand-finished lining boards. Decorative features include painted woodgrain in the hall, hand painted wall paper, pressed metal ceilings in the drawing room, carved timber fireplace surrounds, casement windows, some of which have coloured glass inserts, step out bays and pressed metal window hoods.</p><br>
<p>The attached guest house (a 1903-1904 extension) has a projecting gable porch to the northeast with decorative timber arch brackets, barge board, finial and diagonally boarded gable. The verandahs have dowel balustrade, lattice valance and timber arch brackets. The plan consists of a dining room, a smoking room and a two-roomed guest suite. These are accessed from an enclosed verandah entrance hall with entrance doors at both ends with sidelights and fanlight of etched coloured glass. All rooms have fretworked cedar ceiling roses. The dining room has a metal-lined wine store cupboard and its walls are panelled in cedar with silky oak inserts to a dado with full length vertical tongue-and-groove hoop pine boards above and along the 30 ft ceiling. The tiled fireplace has a carved timber surround, and all timber is oiled/stained. The dining room also has remnants of gas fittings from the time the Homestead made its own gas from carbide, and remnants of electrical fittings from the time the Homestead generated its own electricity. All rooms have step out bays with timber shutters and internal doors have fanlights.</p><br>
<p>The service wing consists of a kitchen that was originally a single roomed slab hut, now weather-boarded on three sides but retaining the original adze-trimmed split slab wall on the fourth side, to which have been added extensions of a store, food preparation room, servants&#39; dining and entertainment hall and laundry. The kitchen has a corrugated iron gable roof with a verandah to the courtyard, and a scullery attached to the back and three pressed metal ridge ventilators. Timber shingles are visible under the corrugated iron sheeting and the interior has single skin cedar board walls and a large brick fireplace with wood burning stove, hot water donkey and a charcoal grill with dripping collection tray. A modern kitchen has been installed in one room.</p><br>
<p>On the other side of the courtyard facing the service wing, the cottage has an L-shaped plan and consists of a series of rooms added at different times. The weatherboard building has a corrugated iron gable roof with a bay to the northwest, surmounted by a gable, and verandas northeast and northwest.</p><br>
<p>A row of weatherboard farm buildings with corrugated iron gable roofs is located to the southwest. The farm buildings consist of a meat room, coach house, tack room, five slip rail stables and a two-storey hay loft. The stables have sawn cross cut timber and earth floors. The grounds include a circular drive with gardens to the north, overlooking a private dam positioned the same distance that the Brisbane River was from the house at its original location. The floor plan of the restored homestead is shown below.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Bellevue Homestead was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>An example of a large, evolving timber homestead complex, illustrating in form, fabric and decoration the lifestyle of the turn-of-the-century Queensland squattocracy.</p><br>
<p>Association with early European settlement of the Brisbane River Valley and the development of the pastoral industry in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&apos;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>Surviving evidence of timber building techniques from the 1870s.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>An example of a large, evolving timber homestead complex, illustrating in form, fabric and decoration the lifestyle of the turn-of-the-century Queensland squattocracy.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating a high degree of creative or technical achievement at a particular period.</p><br>
<p>Surviving evidence of timber building techniques from the 1870s.</p><br>
<p>Lake Hamana in Shizuoka Prefecture is Japan&#39;s tenth-largest lake . It spans the boundaries of the cities of Hamamatsu and Kosai.</p><br>
<h2>Data</h2><br>
<p>The lake has an area of 65.0 km² and holds 0.35 km³ of water. Its circumference is 114 km. At its deepest point, the water is 16.6 m deep. The surface is at sea level.</p><br>
<h2>Economic activity</h2><br>
<p>Lake Hamana is a commercial source of cultivated Japanese eel, nori, oysters and Chinese soft-shelled turtles. Fishers take sea bass, whiting, and flounder, among others. The lake has been developed as a resort area, with boating as a feature.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In ancient times, Lake Hamana was a fresh-water lake. However, a great earthquake in 1498 altered the topography of the area. As a result, the water in the lake is now brackish.</p><br>
<p>The old name for this lake is Tohotsu-afumi, which means "distant fresh-water lake" and later changed to Tōtōmi. From the perspective of the capital in the Kinai, Tōtōmi is more distant than the other famous lake, Chikatsu-afumi or Ōmi (now Lake Biwa), the "nearby fresh-water lake." The name Tōtōmi was also used for a former province in which the lake is located (Tōtōmi Province).</p><br>
<p>At the end of World War II two experimental Type 4 Chi-To tanks were dumped into the lake to avoid capture by Occupation forces. One was recovered by the US Army, but the other was left in the lake. In 2013 there were efforts to locate the remaining tank, but it was not found.</p><br>
<p>The National African American Archives and Museum, formerly known as the Davis Avenue Branch of Mobile Public Library, is an archive and history museum located in Mobile, Alabama. It serves as a repository for documents, records, photographs, books, African carvings, furniture, and special collections that relate to the African-American experience in the United States. Some of the collection was developed when the building was part of the Mobile Public Library as the Davis Avenue Branch.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Davis Avenue Branch of the Mobile Public Library was built in 1931 to serve</p><br>
<p>the needs of the local African-American community, as they had been prohibited from using the libraries for whites under the state law of racial segregation. It was designed by noted architect George Bigelow Rogers. The building was modeled after the Ben May Main Library but constructed on a smaller scale. The local African-American community helped collect used books for the library and raise funds for the acquisition of new books. As was typical in the period of segregation, and since African Americans had been disenfranchised by the state since the turn of the century, their facilities were typically underfunded by cities and the state legislature. African Americans also had to attend separate schools.</p><br>
<p>Following desegregation in the late 1960s after federal civil rights legislation was passed, this branch library became used as a repository for government documents.</p><br>
<h2>Exhibits</h2><br>
<p>Exhibits include the History of Colored Carnival, which describes the African-American contributions to Carnival and Mardi Gras celebrations in Mobile and New Orleans. The Slavery Artifacts exhibit features displays of historic shackles, leg irons, slave collars, slave bracelets and slave badges from the slavery centuries.</p><br>
<p>The museum also features artifacts representing the numerous contributions African Americans have made to greater Mobile. They were among the thousands of defense workers in the shipyards during World War II. It chronicles the voyage of the last known illegal slave ship, the Clotilde, which docked in Mobile in 1860. The slaves released from the ship established the community of Africatown. Mobiles African-American community has produced such accomplished figures as baseball legend Hank Aaron and USA Labor Secretary Alexis Herman, who both are represented in the museums collection. The museum also contains a military section, which includes memorabilia of Major general Jerome G. Cooper, the first African American to command a United States Marine Corps infantry company.</p><br>
<p>Café Brauer  is a restaurant building and official landmark located in Lincoln Park in Chicago, Illinois, at the edge of the Lincoln Park Zoo. It was designed by Dwight H. Perkins and completed in 1908.</p><br>
<p>The building, known for its green roof, red bricks, second floor ballroom, and lagoon-side setting, has been called "an outstanding example of the Prairie School of architecture" and "perhaps the finest expression of Perkins&#39; design philosophy". It was financed by the Brauer family of Chicago, who worked in the restaurant business, and was one of the most popular restaurants in Chicago during the early twentieth century. Caspar Brauer, who died at age 68 on April 29, 1940, was the longtime proprietor of Cafe Brauer.</p><br>
<p>The original restaurant closed in the 1940s. In 1947, Cafe Brauer&#39;s second floor ballroom was opened to the public as an indoor recreation room featuring ballroom dancing for children, square dancing, and waltzing. At the time, it was announced that the facility would be renamed the Lincoln Fieldhouse. By the 1960s, the structure was largely used for storage. Part of the second floor was used as a theater, and there was a small cafeteria on the first floor. A nine-member committee was chosen on October 10, 1967 by Chicago Park Board Vice-President Daniel Shannon to look into restoring the structure as a restaurant-ballroom and adding an outdoor dance pavilion. Their project never moved forward because of restrictions on the sale of alcohol in park district facilities.</p><br>
<p>In 1987, the Lincoln Park Zoo Society began a $4.2 million restoration project. The second floor ballroom was renovated so that it could be used for private events, and the first floor was remodeled as a small family restaurant and ice cream parlor.</p><br>
<p>Cafe Brauer was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986, and it received Chicago Landmark status on February 5, 2003.</p><br>
<p>The building is located on the site of the South Pond Refectory, a wood-frame boathouse and restaurant designed by William Le Baron Jenney which was open from 1882 until 1908. Café Brauer is sometimes called the South Pond Refectory, the primary name for the site used in its National Register nomination.</p><br>
<p>Holy Cross Monastery is located on US 9W in West Park, New York, United States. It is the mother house of the Order of the Holy Cross, an Anglican religious order inspired by the Benedictine tradition.</p><br>
<p>The building, designed in a combination of Mission/Spanish Revival and Tudorbethan styles by architects Ralph Adams Cram and Henry Vaughan, both known for their religious buildings, began construction in 1902 and was dedicated two years later. It sits on a 26 acre site overlooking the Hudson River and the Vanderbilt Mansion National Historic Site, which is just across from it in Hyde Park. The monastery dominates the view westward from the mansion grounds.</p><br>
<p>In addition to the motherhouse, facilities include two guesthouses, the Monastic Church of St. Augustine, and the Monastic Enclosure. It is available for individual and group retreats. Madeleine LEngle, author of A Wrinkle in Time, ran a retreat in conjunction with a writers workshop every January for much of her life. The monks also sell incense, perfume and operate the Monks Cell, a book and gift shop on the property. In keeping with the orders devotion to progressive social causes, they kept a peace vigil on Saturdays during the Iraq War.</p><br>
<p>It was the first house established in the order by its founder, The Rev. James Otis Sargent Huntington. It was created 20 years after he founded The Order of the Holy Cross, after the order used interim homes in New York City and Maryland. He is buried in the church on the grounds. Today it serves as the order&#39;s house of formation, where new initiates begin their training. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1995.</p><br>
<p>Lake Colby is a 272 acre lake, located on NY-86 just outside the village of Saranac Lake, in Franklin County, New York in the Adirondacks; its outlet feeds into Lower Saranac Lake. Lake Colby is also the name of a hamlet located just north of the lake on NY-86.</p><br>
<p>The village beach of Saranac Lake is on Lake Colby, and New York State operates a boat launch and fishing access; there is a ten horsepower limit for motorboats. Harrietstown operates Latour Park on its shore, providing picnicking and shore fishing. Less than 8% of its 3.7 mi of shoreline is privately owned. There are two approved campsites on the lake.</p><br>
<p>Camp Colby, the Lake Colby Environmental Education Camp for 11- to 13-year-olds, is located on the western shore. Originally a private estate built by theatrical agent William Morris, whose clients were invited there for rest and relaxation, it was then known as Camp Intermission. Camp Colby opened as a boy&#39;s conservation education camp in 1963; in 1971 it became co-educational.</p><br>
<p>The Adirondack Medical Center hospital is located on the eastern shore of Lake Colby.</p><br>
<p>Lake Palmer is a man-made lake in Nashville between 16th Ave and 17th Ave, south of Hayes St and north of West End Ave. This was the proposed location of a long-mooted mixed-use construction project near downtown Nashville that has failed to materialize after over ten years of setbacks. Conceived by Nashville-based Alex S. Palmer & Company, the project was originally planned to open in 2007 as the West End Summit, a $300 million project for office space and apartments.</p><br>
<p>Excavation initially started in 2005, but the project stalled as the developer attempted to cope with the credit crunch and sought an anchor tenant for the office portion of the project. It was relaunched in September, 2012 with news that Nashville-headquartered Hospital Corporation of America (HCA) had signed leases to occupy two office towers on the site. In addition to the office towers, an InterContinental Hotel was planned as part of the development.</p><br>
<p>The site remains a massive, block-long excavation that is commonly called Lake Palmer, as this 85 ft hole is mostly filled with water. The lake is visible and labelled on Google Maps as Lake Palmer.</p><br>
<h2>Criticism</h2><br>
<p>The failed West End Summit project, along with developer Alex S. Palmer & Company, has faced public and media scrutiny because of its numerous construction delays, financing woes and construction liens. Harmon Inc. filed a lawsuit stating it was owed US$120,000 by Alex S. Palmer & Company and Bovis Lend Lease for engineering services related to the project.</p><br>
<h2>Anchor tenants sign and later withdraw</h2><br>
<p>On September 27, 2012 Nashville Mayor Karl Dean, Gov. Bill Haslam, and HCA Chairman and CEO Richard Bracken, jointly announced the location of two corporate headquarters divisions of HCA at the site. The proposed development would consist of two towers of approximately 20 stories each, with one tower anchored by the corporate headquarters of Parallon Business Solutions and the other anchored by Sarah Cannon Research Institute (SCRI). The rainwater was completely drained (mostly into the street) in 2013 for the anticipated construction of the HCA building.</p><br>
<p>More than a year after HCA signed leases, construction had failed to start due to Alex S. Palmer & Company being unable to obtain equity financing for the $275 million project. In December 2013, HCA withdrew from the project, opting to build its own campus on a nearby site in Nashville&#39;s North Gulch district. The excavation filled back up with water.</p><br>
<p>Intercontinental Hotels withdrew their proposal in February 2016. The lake was again temporarily drained in March 2016, although no further proposal was revealed.</p><br>
<p>Magnolia Cemetery is a 10 acre cemetery in Baton Rouge, Louisiana.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The cemetery is located at 422 North 19th Street and is bordered on the north by Main Street and on the south by Florida Boulevard. The west and east sides are bordered by 19th Street and 22nd Street, respectively. The land for the cemetery was purchased from John Christian Buhler, Jr, in August 1852. The cemetery was the site of intense fighting during the Battle of Baton Rouge on August 5, 1862; a commemorative ceremony is held at the cemetery each August. It was turned over to the city of Baton Rouge in 1947 and is now administered by the Recreation and Park Commission for the Parish of East Baton Rouge (BREC). Magnolia Cemetery has been designated a National Historic Site.</p><br>
<h2>Notable burials</h2><br>
<p>This cemetery was the main burial site for most prominent citizens of Baton Rouge, white and African-American, from 1852 to the 1950s and burials continue to the present. Among the more noteworthy persons buried here are 6th District Congressman Edward White Robertson (1823-1887) and his son Congressman Samuel Matthews Robertson (1852-1911), John Hill (1824-1910), 5th District Congressman William Brainerd Spencer (1835-1882), novelist Lyle Saxon (1891–1946), State Senator (1834-1896), the Whig politician James M. Elam and his son James Essex Elam, four-time Mayor of Baton Rouge, former Register of State Lands Ellen Bryan Moore, and Cecil Morgan, the state representative who moved to impeach Huey Pierce Long, Jr.</p><br>
<p>The Brattleboro Retreat is a private not-for-profit mental health and addictions hospital that provides comprehensive inpatient, partial hospitalization, and outpatient treatment services for children, adolescents, and adults.</p><br>
<p>Located just north of downtown Brattleboro, Vermont, in the United States, the retreat is situated on more than 1,000 acres of land along the Retreat Meadows inlet of the West River. Founded in 1834, the retreat was "the first facility for the care of the mentally ill in Vermont, and one of the first ten private psychiatric hospitals in the United States". It is considered a pioneer in the field of mental health care in the United States.</p><br>
<p>The retreat is a member of the Ivy League Hospitals. More than 600 acres of the campus, including most of its buildings, were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.</p><br>
<h2>Origin</h2><br>
<p>The Brattleboro Retreat was founded in 1834 as the Vermont Asylum for the Insane through a $10,000 bequest left by Anna Hunt Marsh for the establishment of a psychiatric hospital that would exist independently and in perpetuity for the welfare of the mentally disordered. The institution was renamed as the Brattleboro Retreat in the late 19th century in order to eliminate confusion with the state-run Vermont State Asylum for the Insane.</p><br>
<p>Taking its inspiration from the York Retreat in England, the retreat originated as a humane alternative to the otherwise demeaning and sometimes dangerous treatment of people with mental disorders. The focus on "moral treatment", an idea derived from a Quaker concept, introduced by William Tuke in the late 18th century, which approaches mental disorders as diseases and not as character flaws or the results of sins. This remains the institution&#39;s guiding philosophy.</p><br>
<p>For much of the 19th and 20th century, treatment methods emphasized fresh air, physical activity, educational enrichment, therapeutic farm and kitchen work, and supportive staff. Some of the techniques used at the retreat were influenced by the Quakers and Benjamin Rush, a physician and American Revolutionary War supporter.</p><br>
<h2>Treatment methods</h2><br>
<p>The Brattleboro Retreat has been known throughout its history for adhering to the concepts of moral treatment while integrating advanced methods of care. The administration established the following "firsts" among psychiatric hospitals in the USA: patient-produced newspaper, bowling alley, chapel, theater, gymnasium, recreation fields, patient chorus, book discussion groups, outing club, working hospital dairy farm, patient-managed enterprises, and the first swimming pool at a USA psychiatric hospital.</p><br>
<p>Patients enjoyed frequent outings and the community would often join the patients for events. The facility has some secure units but is not separated from the community by fencing. Many aspects of the Brattleboro Retreat&#39;s medical care and physical design have been adopted by hospitals around the world.</p><br>
<p>The retreat cautiously approached modern treatment modalities such as electroconvulsive therapy ("ECT") and utilized them in a fairly limited capacity. Today the retreat&#39;s ECT clinic is closed. Most patients have enjoyed a greater degree of freedom than at other institutions, with windowed bedrooms instead of cells or cages. Due to rapid construction, patients had large private rooms even as overcrowding became an issue at other hospitals, leading many historians to conclude that the Brattleboro Retreat is among few long-established psychiatric hospitals with an unblemished history. This dignity ended for many patients when state hospitals began to be built. Many long-term patients feared leaving their beloved home and tried to avoid transfer to state facilities. Unfortunately, some were relocated to new state hospitals against their wishes. This decrease in patient census was compounded by the loss of patients due to the development of mood stabilizing drugs. The hospital has used this open capacity for new programs such as specialty schools and outpatient resources. Recent innovative programs include a new inpatient unit for LGBT individuals, and a partial hospital/residential program for uniformed service professionals (corrections, fire, first responders, military, and police).</p><br>
<p>The hospital lacks the historical stigma associated with some psychiatric institutions due to its consistent focus on patients&#39; individuality and fair treatment. A full staff of doctors, psychologists, psychiatric nurses, social workers, and other medical personnel continue this tradition of patient care.</p><br>
<h2>Campus</h2><br>
<p>Until recently, the president of the Brattleboro Retreat was a doctor who lived in the Main Building with his or her family. The last residents of the executive apartment were Dr. and Mrs. Beech.</p><br>
<p>A unique back-lit clock tower with four faces sits atop a rotunda on Lawton Hall—a feature originally intended to provide any sleepless patients a sense of the time and comfort. The clock is visible from everywhere on the 58-building, college-like campus, which is situated on a grassy plain between a seasonally-flooding meadow and downtown Brattleboro. The hospital agreed to allow a hydroelectric company to flood the Retreat Meadows on the condition that it could be used for ice fishing, boating, and other recreation.</p><br>
<p>The hospital has extensive landholdings throughout the area, including the site of the castle-like Retreat Tower, which was constructed by patients and staff in the late 19th century. The Retreat Dairy Farm is now separate from the hospital but is well preserved and still functional. Patients no longer work at the bakery or carpentry shops. Programs have been adjusted for changing populations and the main clinical buildings are named after former doctors, such as Tyler and Osgood.</p><br>
<p>The indoor swimming pool in Lawton Hall was the first at any hospital in the world. It was closed after a polio outbreak outside Vermont decades ago and has not reopened. A new complex featuring tennis courts and an outdoor in-ground pool provide patients with facilities for outdoor activities.</p><br>
<p>The land owned by the hospital is open to the public and can be hiked or cross-country skied. Dozens of ice fishing huts pop up each winter on the frozen Retreat Meadows. Occasionally, ice skating can be observed.</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<p>"Lennox House", the fictional mental institution in the film, Sucker Punch, was portrayed as being located in Brattleboro, Vermont. An approaching shot of "Lennox House" shows a wrought iron sign similar to a sign at the retreat.</p><br>
<p>The Grand Army of the Republic Hall is an historic building located at 34 School Street in Rockland, Massachusetts, in the United States. The hall was designed by local builder William Harrison Hebberd, andbuilt in 1899 by members of the GAR as a memorial to the Union Army veterans of the Civil War. It is a somewhat plainly decorated two-story wood frame building with a hip roof. Its most elaborate exterior feature is the main entry, a porch supported by clusters of narrow columns, and with brackets in its eaves. The interior is more elaborately decorated, and has retained most of its original Queen Anne details.</p><br>
<p>On May 16, 1997, the building was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Meetings</h2><br>
<p>The hall was the meeting place of the Gen. George L. Hartsuff GAR Post No. 74, which was one of 210 post in the Department of Massachusetts. It is now the meeting place of the Gen. George L. Hartsuff Camp No. 50 of the Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War, the successor organization to the Grand Army of the Republic.</p><br>
<p>The  Vanderwhacker Mountain Wild Forest is a 91,854 acre tract made up of almost two dozen non-contiguous parcels that are designated as Wild Forest by the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation in the central Adirondack Park. The area contains 44 ponds and small lakes, as well as portions of the Hudson and Boreas Rivers. The area is accessible via New York State Route 28 and supports hiking, birding, snowmobiling, Nordic skiing, hunting, camping, canoeing, and fishing.</p><br>
<p>At 3,389 ft, Vanderwhacker Mountain is the highest in the Wild Forest with a developed foot trail, and fourth highest overall. Because of its isolated location, it provides some of the best views of the High Peaks from the south in the park, as well as views of the Hudson River. There are also trails to Stony Pond, Lester Flow, and the Boreas River.</p><br>
<p>Hiking trails are planned to Moxham Mountain and Wolf Pond, along with trails that will connect the visitor interpretive center at Newcomb to Santanoni Preserve, and the reopening of Nordic ski trails connecting to Little Gore near the village of North Creek. Snowmobile trails are planned between Minerva and Newcomb, and between Pottersville and Schroon Lake.</p><br>
<p>The Dr. William W. Mayo House, located at 118 North Main Street in Le Sueur, Minnesota, United States, is listed on the National Register of Historic Places . It was built in 1859 by James Mayo and his brother, William Worrall Mayo who emigrated from Salford, United Kingdom, to the United States in 1846 and became a doctor. William&#39;s older son, William James Mayo was born in the home in 1861. William W. Mayo aided pioneers and their families during the Dakota War of 1862 and later moved to Rochester where he became the examining surgeon for the southern Minnesota Civil War draft board. He and his sons, William and Charles founded the 27-bed Saint Marys Hospital which opened in 1889 following the 1883 Rochester tornado. They later founded their namesake, the Mayo Clinic.</p><br>
<p>The next owner of the home was Charlotte Wright Bradley (mother of Elizabeth, who married Carson Nesbit Cosgrove (1853-1936)). Bradley gave the home to the newlyweds in 1874. In 1903 Cosgrove presided at the organizational meeting of the Minnesota Valley Canning Company (later renamed Green Giant), becoming a pioneer of canning in the Minnesota River valley. Cosgrove&#39;s son, Edward, and grandson, Robert, each born in the home, also served as heads of the company over the ensuing decades before the company was swallowed by General Mills.</p><br>
<p>The Mayo House, also known as the W. W. Mayo House, is a state historic site managed by the Nicollet County Historical Society in partnership with the Minnesota Historical Society. The house has been restored and furnished to appear as in 1860. The Mayoview History Center, located in a separate building, features exhibits about the Mayo family, St. Mary&#39;s Hospital and the Mayo Clinic.</p><br>
<p>The Yuratski Bay  is an inlet on the Siberian coast in the Kara Sea. It is located in the Gydan Peninsula and it is roughly 45 km long and 30 km wide at its widest point. Lat 71° 50’ N, long 77° 45’ E.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>This round and regular-shaped bay lies east of the Khalmyer Bay, between the large estuaries of the Ob (Gulf of Ob) and the Yenisei River. Off the northern end of the Oleni Peninsula limiting the bay on the east lies Oleni Island.</p><br>
<p>The peninsula formed between this bay and neighboring Khalmyer Bay is known as the Mamonta Peninsula (Poluostrov Mamonta).</p><br>
<p>The Yuratski Bay is surrounded by low tundra coast and there are numerous river mouths on its shores, the main ones being the Yunyakha and the Yesyayakha. Winters are long and harsh in this area, so that the waters in the inlet remain frozen for at least nine months every year.</p><br>
<p>The settlement of Matyuysale lies along the coast off the northeastern end of its mouth.</p><br>
<p>This Bay is located in the Yamal-Nenets autonomous district administrative region of the Russian Federation.</p><br>
<p>The area of the bay is part of the Great Arctic State Nature Reserve, the largest nature reserve of Russia.</p><br>
<p>The Canal du Nord is a 95 km long canal in northern France. The canal connects the Canal latéral à l&#39;Oise at Pont-l&#39;Évêque to the Sensée Canal at Arleux. The French government, in partnership with coal-mining companies in the Nord and Pas-de-Calais departments, developed the canal to help French coal mining companies withstand foreign competition. Construction of the canal began in 1908 but halted in 1914, because of the First World War. The war caused widespread destruction of the canal and the French government made no attempt to resume construction until 1959. Construction recommenced in 1960 and the waterway opened to the public in 1965. The Canal du Nord and the Canal de Saint-Quentin may be supplanted by the Seine–Nord Europe Canal, a projected high capacity link between the Oise River at Janville and the high capacity Dunkirk-Escaut Canal.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Until the construction of the Canal du Nord, the Canal de Saint-Quentin was the only waterway linking the Seine basin to the north of France. The rise of the coal industry in Pas-de-Calais eventually saturated traffic on the Canal de Saint-Quentin and necessitated a new transportation link to the Île-de-France region to ensure that the northern French coal mining companies could effectively compete against their Belgian and English equivalents. In 1860, the principal coal companies in the Pas-de-Calais département grouped themselves into a Comité des Houillères du Pas-de-Calais, responsible for coping with transportation problems. The group expanded into the Comité des Houillères du Nord et du Pas-de-Calais in 1878, and began taking steps towards obtaining fundamental improvements in water connections.</p><br>
<p>A special commission of the French Ministry of Public Works conducted their first study in 1878 to find a “suitable means of putting the coal mines in a position to withstand foreign competition". The concept of the canal was included in the Freycinet Plan, a public works project whereby the government purchased railroads and built extensive new railways and waterways. Plans for the canal were presented to the Chamber of Deputies in 1882.</p><br>
<p>On 23 December 1903, the French government authorized construction of the Canal du Nord, a 93 kilometre long canal from Arleux to Pont-l&#39;Évêque. The Canal du Nord would accommodate barges up to 300 tonnes and because it both increased waterway capacity and decreased transport distance, it was expected to decrease freight costs by up to 30%.</p><br>
<p>In 1908 construction began on the canal. Under the plan, coal-mining companies contributed one-third of the construction cost and by 1914 this amounted to 23 million francs of the total 72 million francs in incurred expenses. Three quarters of the excavations, 11 locks and all of the bridges were complete, with work well advanced on the tunnels, when World War I forced a halt in construction. The war resulted in widespread destruction of the canal and the French government did not attempt to resume building until after World War II, when the rapid economic growth experienced by France in the 1950s saw a marked increase in bulk transport requirements between the Seine basin and the north, and it again became urgent to complete the project. The works were carried out in the early 1960s and the canal opened to navigation in 1966.</p><br>
<p>The canal is expected to be abandoned and possibly even infilled in sections, when the projected parallel Seine-Nord Europe Canal has been built, as currently planned over the years 2018-2024.</p><br>
<h2>Battle of Canal du Nord</h2><br>
<p>The Battle of the Canal du Nord was part of a general Allied offensive against German positions on the Western Front during the Hundred Days Offensive of World War I. The battle took place along an incomplete portion of the Canal du Nord and on the outskirts of Cambrai between 27 September and 1 October 1918. To avoid the risk of having extensive German reserves massed against a single Allied attack, the assault along the Canal du Nord was undertaken as part of a number of closely sequenced Allied attacks at separate points along the front. It began one day after the Meuse-Argonne Offensive, one day before an offensive in the Flanders region of Belgium, and two days before the Battle of St. Quentin Canal.</p><br>
<h2>En Route</h2><br>
<p>* PK 0 Arleux</p><br>
<p>* PK 14 Mœuvres</p><br>
<p>* PK 48 Péronne, connection with Grande Somme</p><br>
<p>* PK 60 Épénancourt</p><br>
<p>* PK 66 Voyennes, connection with Petite Somme</p><br>
<p>* PK 92 Noyon</p><br>
<p>* PK 95 Pont-l&#39;Évêque</p><br>
<p>The Gomez Mill House is located in the Town of Newburgh, New York, USA, on Mill House Road a short distance off US 9W, just south of the Orange–Ulster county line . Over 300 years old, it is the earliest known surviving Jewish dwelling in North America and the oldest home in Orange County listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Luis Moses Gomez, a Sephardic Jewish merchant and trader whose Spanish Jewish ancestors fled to France to escape from the Spanish Inquisition for the New World, came to New York in the late 1690s. In 1705 he was granted an Act of Denization from Anne, Queen of Great Britain, which he purchased for 56 pounds British Sterling. This document gave him rights to conduct business, own property, and live freely within the British Colonies without an oath of allegiance to the Church of England. Gomez established himself as a prominent businessman and leader within the early Jewish community of New York. In 1714, he purchased 1,000 acres in Marlboro on the west side of the Hudson River in the then-British colony of New York. Subsequently, he and three of his sons, Jacob, Daniel and David, acquired an additional 3,000 acres. The property was located where several old Native American paths converged. Other pioneers, fleeing tyranny a in Europe for the promise of a new life, then settled in the Hudson Valley. On the western border of the Gomez property, a single-story fieldstone block house with walls three feet (1 m) thick was built into the side of a hill alongside a stream that came to be known as Jews Creek. For over thirty years Daniel ran the thriving family lumber and linestone operations along Jews Creek and the Hudson River, while offering goods for sale and trade at the stone blockhouse, which remains today as the foundation and first floor of the Gomez Mill House.</p><br>
<p>In 1772, shortly before the Revolutionary War, a Dutch Colonist, Wolfert Acker, bought the property at a sheriff sale. He added a second story and attic using bricks made from local clay, bringing the main part of the house into its present form. He would serve with the local militia and chair the area&#39;s Committee of Safety during the war.</p><br>
<p>In 1835, Mill House was purchased by a wealthy landowner, Edward Armstrong. Following his death, it passed to his wife Sarah. Their eldest son, William Henry inherited the site and moved into the house in 1862. His brother was the artist and diplomat Maitland Armstrong. During the half-century William Henry and his family lived there, the kitchen wing and garden walls were added. During the next century, it had several other owners, the most notable being Dard Hunter, a papermaker associated with the Arts and Crafts movement. He bought the Mill House in 1912 and built a small paper mill on the property in the shape of a Devonshire cottage, complete with thatched roof. Over the next seven years he initiated and explored his lifelong career in hand papermaking and printing and produced some of his signature work. He sold it in 1918 in anticipation of military service. He claimed in his autobiography that a representative of the Russian government bought it for use as a school, but the real buyer was progressive activist Martha Gruening, who intended to establish a libertarian school in the building.</p><br>
<p>After World War II, in 1947, it was purchased by Mildred and Jeffrey Starin with a G.I loan. It became home to Mildred Starin and her family for the next 50 years. They were the first to recognize its historic significance. Mildred, a recognized antique dealer in the Hudson Valley, got the property listed on the National Register in 1973. Eleven years later, the New York City-based Gomez Foundation for Mill House, which had been established by descendants of Luis Moses Gomez and other interested parties in 1979, purchased the house to operate it as a museum, which it does today.</p><br>
<p>The Burbank-Livingston-Griggs House is one of the first examples of Italianate or Tuscan order architecture in Saint Paul in the USA state of Minnesota. The house, located at 432 Summit Avenue is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It is also a contributing property to the Historic Hill District. It was designed by Chicago architect Otis L. Wheelock and built 1862-1865 for James C. Burbank, a wealthy owner of the Minnesota Stage Company, which held a statewide monopoly controlling 1600 miles of stage-lines by 1865. In recent years, the property has gained additional recognition as the former residence of the late Lucky the Dog.</p><br>
<h2>Construction</h2><br>
<p>The home was built of grey Mendota limestone and features denticulated bracketed cornices with carved pendants, arched windows, polygonal bay windows, Corinthian columns supporting an entablature and a cupola with wooden finial on the roof. The walls are lined on the inside by a layer of brick with an air space designed to insulate the interior from the harsh Minnesota winters. Floors and staircases connecting the four levels are oak and marble.</p><br>
<p>The Whitney Tavern Stand served as an inn and local gathering place in Cascade Township, Michigan for fifty years after its construction in the 1852-53 period. In its first few years it served as a stop for stagecoaches on the lines that, connecting Battle Creek, Hastings, and Kalamazoo with Grand Rapids, passed through Whitneyville. It is listed in the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>The Whitney Tavern Stand served as an inn and local gathering place in Cascade Township, Michigan for fifty years after its construction in the 1852-53 period. In its first few years it served as a stop for stagecoaches on the lines that, connecting Grand Rapids with Battle Creek, Hastings, and Kalamazoo. Following the completion of a more direct plank road between Kalamazoo and Grand Rapids that siphoned off traffic, it continued to serve the stage line between Battle Creek and Grand Rapids via Hastings until around 1870. At that point stage service ended with the completion of the Grand River Valley Railroad line through Hastings to Grand Rapids. Despite alterations since its conversion to a private home in the early twentieth century, the hotel, with its side-gable form and eight-bay wide façade, retains much of the characteristic appearance of a southern Michigan stagecoach inn dating from the mid-nineteenth century.</p><br>
<p>Cascade Township was created from Ada Township, Michigan in 1848. Settlement began in 1836 but proceeded slowly for the first few years. Development beginning in 1838 of a state road between Battle Creek and Grand Rapids that passed through the township along what are now Whitneyville Avenue and Cascade Road served as a major impetus to settlement. The Battle Creek-Grand Rapids road was one of many routes in southern Michigan laid out and built at the direction of the legislature of the newly established state of Michigan in the late 1830s and early 1840s. It followed what seems today a not very direct route between the two places, passing through the early settlement of Gull Prairie – what is now Richland – well west and only a bit north of Battle Creek, before turning directly north through Prairieville, Middleville, Whitneyville, and Cascade to Grand Rapids.</p><br>
<p>By the early 1840s stages over this road were carrying passengers between Battle Creek and Grand Rapids. By the late 1840s Patterson & Ward (W. G. Patterson of Kalamazoo and John K. Ward of Battle Creek) provided stagecoach service. By late 1854 the Good Intent Line (C. W. Lewis, proprietor) was providing stagecoach service between Battle Creek and Kalamazoo, at one end, and Grand Rapids, with the Battle Creek and Kalamazoo routes merging at Richland. Beginning in the 1840s, stagecoaches also operated from Battle Creek north to Hastings, west to Middleville, and on to Grand Rapids along the same route. All of this traffic passed through Whitneyville, and most or all of it presumably stopped at Whitney&#39;s tavern.</p><br>
<p>The Whitneys were among the early settlers in Cascade Township. The families of Zerah Whitney (1784-1873), a Connecticut native, and his sons Ezra (1815–99) and Peter arrived in the 1841-42 period and took up land at the site of what soon became known as Whitneyville. The hamlet acquired the township&#39;s first post office in 1849 and eventually contained a sawmill, grist mill, store, blacksmith shop, church, and a few scattered houses. But the significance of Whitneyville declined after 1888 when the Grand Rapids, Lansing and Detroit Railroad, the only railroad line built through the area, established its station a mile away at McCords.</p><br>
<p>Ezra Whitney built a small log hotel in 1842 on a site across the road and a short distance to the south from the present house. He replaced this original hotel with the present frame Whitney Tavern Stand – so identified in an 1870 history – in 1852 or 53. The new tavern and hostelry as built was an L-shaped building with a two-story portico across the front, a ballroom occupying the second story of the entire street-facing front section, and a large wing, containing the kitchen and presumably lodging quarters, extending to the rear from the hotels north end. The hotel served travelers’ needs as a stagecoach stop and inn providing meals and overnight accommodations and also served as a local watering hole and, with its second-story ballroom, presumably social and cultural center as well. Information about specific events held in the Whitneys ballroom is lacking, but typically these country inn ballrooms hosted a broad range of functions, from dances and entertainments to religious services, church socials, and political meetings.</p><br>
<p>Whitney was not to enjoy his prosperity for long. In 1855 a plank road turnpike that provided a far more direct connection between Kalamazoo and Grand Rapids than the older stagecoach routes through Richland and Whitneyville was completed. The plank road, permitting a six-hour trip from Kalamazoo to Grand Rapids as opposed to the old two-day time frame, took over the traffic between Kalamazoo and Grand Rapids that formerly passed through Whitneyville. It may also have absorbed much of the traffic between Battle Creek and Grand Rapids as well, since passengers could ride the Michigan Central Railroad between Battle Creek and Kalamazoo and then ride the stage up to Grand Rapids in far less time – and far greater comfort – than by taking the stage on the old state road. Whitney, who must have seen the handwriting on the wall, built a new hotel at Bradley on the Kalamazoo-Grand Rapids plank road when the road opened and sold his Whitneyville hotel to Abner C. Bruen.</p><br>
<p>Nevertheless, stagecoaches continued to run through Whitneyville on the Battle Creek-to-Grand Rapids route via Hastings until around 1870 when the Grand River Valley Railroad, from Jackson to Grand Rapids through Hastings, was completed. In addition, the state business gazetteers indicate that stage service, presumably operating from the hotel, connected Whitneyville with Caledonia Station (now Caledonia) on the Grand River Valley line during much of the 1880s – perhaps from the time the Valley line was completed until 1888 when the much closer GR, L & D line and its McCords depot opened.</p><br>
<p>Hotel proprietors after Ezra Whitney include Henry Proctor, listed in the 1867-69 state business gazetteers; S. F. Sliter, according to the township history in the 1870 county directory; John McQueen, listed in the 1870-71 state business gazetteer; Calvin W. Lewis from at least 1876 until 1879; and C. D. Campbell, Henry Best, and Thomas Russell later. The 1907 Kent County atlas&#39;s Whitneyville map identifies the building as a hotel, with R. S. Adley as owner – Richard S. and Adelia Winters Adley bought the property in 1893 – and shows the rear wing, but the state business gazetteers list no hotel in Whitneyville after the 1901-02 edition.</p><br>
<p>The Adleys renovated the hotel during, it appears, the 1910s or 20s, converting it into a single-family house. Their renovations, carried out while retaining much of the simple Greek Revival interior finish, included the removal of the two-story front portico and the rear wing and the addition of an enclosed porch at the north end and of two rooms on the rear. The interior renovations included oak floors downstairs along with some floor plan changes, including the addition of bathrooms, and the addition of a simply detailed brick fireplace, with stone tile hearth, in the living room at the building&#39;s north end, with a large brick chimney stack outside against the north wall. Upstairs the former ballroom was partitioned into bedrooms opening off a central hall. The light-weight, stud-less partitions are made of wallboard panels fastened with battens. The second-story remodeling was done without disturbing the still springy ballroom floor, which remains intact. Few changes have been made since then.</p><br>
<p>The earliest exterior photograph that has been found is from a 1957 newspaper article. The article includes an interview with Mrs. L. A. Brown who lived in the house for 65 years. She recalls a two-story porch stretching across the front but no photograph showing that has been found. However, many pictures and illustrations of taverns built around the time of the Whitney Tavern Stand show a two-story front porch as Mrs. Brown describes. It is not known when the porch was removed. The 1907 Standard Atlas of Kent County shows the footprint of the house being L-shaped. Other books and documents state that the rear wing was removed when the house was converted to a private residence in the early 1900s.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Standing well back from the road on a knoll overlooking the Whitneyville mill pond, the Whitney Tavern Stand is a vernacular Greek Revival former hotel building. The two-story, side-gable hotel presents an unusually broad eight-bay wide façade to the street. The exterior walls are finished in wooden clapboarding and display broad plain board corner and frieze trim below the projecting eaves with their raking cornices without returns. The dominating feature of the front is the front entry, positioned slightly to the right of center, with its side and transom lights set in a classical frame of massy antae and flat-top two-part entablature.</p><br>
<p>The tavern stands on the west side of Whitneyville Avenue facing east toward the pond in Cascade Township, a growing suburb to the southeast of Grand Rapids. The Whitneyville area in which the hotel is located retains a largely rural aspect, with woods edging the property on the north and west. All that remains of the never-very-large Whitneyville settlement is the Old Time Methodist Church founded in 1854 and the Whitneyville Cemetery, both located ½ mile south of the house. Several owners of the Whitney Tavern Stand are buried in the Whitneyville Cemetery including: the Browns; Calvin Lewis, proprietor of the stage coach line that serviced Whitneyville; and Oscar Whitney, brother of Ezra Whitney, the builder of the Whitney Tavern Stand. Large trees stand in the hotels front yard and along the south side of the paved driveway that runs along the south edge of the property, and a large open lawn forms the propertys rear portion.</p><br>
<p>The original building has ground dimensions of sixty-one feet in length, north and south, and thirty-one in width, east and west. The wood frame building stands on fieldstone foundations that are six feet thick in places. The east façade is fronted by an 8 ft open verandah or terrace across the entire front, with a front staircase positioned in alignment with the front entry. The concrete-deck verandah with its wooden railing is supported on fieldstone and concrete retaining walls, concrete filling the space beneath the verandah to the north (right) of the front entrance where a 1957 newspaper article photograph shows a garage door entry to the basement level was then present. Many of the 9-over-6 windows still have the original ripple glass. Several of the hand-pegged interior doors are original, as is the front entry door.</p><br>
<p>The front entrance opens into a square-plan entry hall, from which doors lead north (right) into a large living room and south (left) into the smaller dining room. The hall may originally have extended entirely through the building. Like the rest of the downstairs, the hall floor is finished in narrow oak flooring. Part of the space directly behind the hall contains a bathroom and the rest is incorporated into a family room that extends into a 1910s or 20s-looking one-story hip-roof addition on the building&#39;s back.</p><br>
<p>The living room, the largest space, may have housed the hotel/taverns dining area and bar. It occupies the entire north end except for a broad, apparently original staircase against the west wall that, opening into the room, provided access to the second-story ballroom. An enclosed one-story porch opens off the living rooms north wall at the west end, and a brick fireplace, with stone tile hearth and boldly projecting, angular wood shelf, projects into the room along the north wall. Both features appear to date from the 1910s or 20s.</p><br>
<p>The dining room is significantly smaller in ground dimensions than the living room. Perhaps it served as a parlor for women guests, but this is only speculation with no solid information behind it. Today there is a small hallway with a narrow early twentieth-century staircase off it located behind the dining room. The hallway provides access to the kitchen, which occupies a second shallow but broad hip-roof early twentieth-century addition on the building&#39;s west side.</p><br>
<p>A doorway in the dining room&#39;s south side opens into the southern end of the building, containing two bedrooms separated by a bathroom. A one-story enclosed porch dating from after 1957 – the 1957 newspaper photograph does not show it – projects southward from the easterly of the two bedrooms.</p><br>
<p>A ballroom, reached originally, it appears, only by the staircase in the building&#39;s northwest corner, occupied the entire second story. The space was spanned by a plaster ceiling that arched between the broad east and west walls the length of the room. Remnants of this ceiling structure survive in the attic above the current ceiling. The original ceiling includes original painted decorations on the gable ends and the soot-stained upper ceiling where the candelabras were used for lighting by candles. The dance floor was built to be "springy," as in other early taverns. To achieve the springy feeling, the floor was constructed with five or six sets of beams spanning the space from east to west. Each set of beams is composed of three individual six-inch square (approximately) beams, one on either side attached to a wall post using a wooden pin that allowed the beam to pivot slightly, and a central beam that, overlapping the side ones slightly at each end, was also attached to them with wooden pins. This floor structure remains intact, with heart pine flooring installed over the original.</p><br>
<p>The former ballroom space was reconfigured in the early twentieth century into five rooms plus a bathroom off a central hall, with a large stair hall at the northwest corner. The partitions – and ceilings as well – rather than being built using conventional construction of lath and plaster over studs, are light, stud-less structures composed of wallboard panels held together with thin wooden battens.</p><br>
<p>A large wing once projected to the west from the north end of the buildings west side. It shows in the 1907 county atlas but was removed later, perhaps at the same time when all the other major renovations were done. This wing apparently contained the original kitchen, guest rooms, and, perhaps, other spaces. A rectangular in-ground concrete swimming pool, built in the 1969-73 period, with a white picket fence surrounding it, now stands directly behind the building on part of the site of the wing. No evidences of the wings foundations are now apparent.</p><br>
<p>The surviving main front section of the former hotel retains a high degree of integrity overall. Much of the first-floor&#39;s plan as well as important features such as the ballroom floor construction and the original exterior and interior finish – such as Greek Revival architrave door and window trim, paneled doors, wide mopboards, and original nine-over-six windows – has survived intact through one hundred years of use since the building last served as a hotel and tavern.</p><br>
<p>The property associated with the tavern contains three other buildings. A two-story garage, modeled after old carriage house/stable buildings, with a side-gable roof, gabled front dormer, and clapboard siding matching the taverns in width and color, stands at the west end of the driveway, southwest of the tavern. It was built during the summer of 2003. Two small frame sheds, each a single-story structure of gable-front form with a saltbox or leanto roof, the south slopes shorter than the north ones, stand north of the garage behind the house. Little historical information on these is available. They appear to date from the early to mid-twentieth century but may be older. The south outbuilding includes a chimney vent. When the present owners acquired the property the outbuilding contained a tin sink. The present owners have heard that at one time the south outbuilding was a laundry/summer kitchen. Nothing is known about the north outbuildings historic use. However, the north outbuilding&#39;s interior walls are covered with one-inch thick tightly-seamed boards and has a small chimney vent. This may indicate the outbuilding was used as a meat house/smokehouse at one time.</p><br>
<h2>Bibliography/References</h2><br>
<p></revision></p><br>
<p>West Peak, 1,024 ft, of the Hanging Hills, is the highest traprock peak in the state of Connecticut. The peak hangs above the city of Meriden 700 ft below and is characterized by its vertical cliffs and sweeping views of southern Connecticut, Long Island Sound, and the Berkshires to the west. On a clear day, Mount Tom, in Massachusetts, can be seen 47 miles to the north.</p><br>
<p>The 51-mile Metacomet Trail crosses West Peak. Activities enjoyed on the peak include hiking, picnicking, and bird watching. West Peak is on an important raptor migration path.</p><br>
<p>Edwin Howard Armstrong, who invented FM radio and was a network radio pioneer, used West Peak as the location of one of the first FM radio broadcasts, in 1939. His original 70-foot radio mast is still there. Currently, West Peak is home to seven FM broadcast stations, WNPR, WWYZ, WZMX, WDRC-FM, WKSS, WHCN, and WMRQ-FM. It is also known as West Peak State Park</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>West Peak, along with the other Hanging Hills, is part of a mountain chain that is a dormant fault line running through the middle of Connecticut and into Massachusetts.</p><br>
<p>The former First Church of Christ, Scientist, built in 1939, is an historic Classical revival style Christian Science church edifice located at 501 Riverside Drive, overlooking the Truckee River in Reno, Nevada. Anna Frandsen Loomis, a wealthy local Christian Scientist, underwrote the $120,000 cost of the building, including land acquisition and architect&#39;s fees. She was responsible for hiring noted Los Angeles architect Paul Revere Williams, the first African-American member of the AIA. In 1998 the congregation sold the building and used the funds from the sale to construct a new church at 795 West Peckham Lane. Church member and local theater patron Moya Lear donated $1.1 million to the Reno-Sparks Theater Community Coalition, which used the funding to purchase the First Church of Christ, Scientist and renamed it the Lear Theater.</p><br>
<p>On December 28, 1982, the building was added to the Nevada State Register of Historic Places. and on August 20, 1999, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Becker Island  is an island in Franz Josef Land, Arkhangelsk Oblast, Russian Arctic.</p><br>
<p>Becker Island was named after Moritz Alois Becker (1812-1887), the general secretary of Austrian Geographical Society.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Becker Island is long and narrow, stretching from East to West. It is located straight south of Rainer Island. Its length is 14 km and its average width 3 km.</p><br>
<p>The Kupol Surova (Купол Сурова) ice dome covers the western part of the island.</p><br>
<p>The highest point of Becker Island is a 165 m high summit located at the eastern end. The eastern half of this island is unglacierized. The eastern headland, Cape Galkovsky (Mys Galkovskogo) is relatively close to the island&#39;s highest point. The western headland is Cape Lopast.</p><br>
<p>Mound Bottom is a prehistoric Native American complex in Cheatham County, Tennessee, located in the Southeastern United States. The complex, which consists of earthen platform and burial mounds, a 7-acre central plaza, and habitation areas, was occupied between approximately 1000 and 1300 AD, during the Mississippian period.</p><br>
<p>The Mound Bottom site is likely associated with another mound complex located just over a mile to the south known as the Pack Site, or Great Mound Division, and together they have been called the "Great Mound Group." Due to structural similarities in the mounds and ceramic chronologies, these sites are believed to have been contemporaneous.</p><br>
<h2>Geographical setting</h2><br>
<p>Mound Bottom is situated on a horseshoe bend of the Harpeth River at the river&#39;s confluence with Mound Creek, which approaches the riverbank opposite the site from the east. The Mound Bottom bend is one in a series of sharp bends found along the lower Harpeth as the river twists and turns through a steep gorge en route to its confluence with the Cumberland River several miles to the north. The Harpeth surrounds Mound Bottom on the north, south, and east, while the entry to the bend from the west is marked by rocky uplands.</p><br>
<p>Mound Bottom is today located approximately 1 mi north of the point where USA Route 70 crosses the Harpeth River, on the outskirts of Kingston Springs. The site is managed by the Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation as part of Harpeth River State Park. Site access is prohibited without accompaniment by park rangers or the Tennessee Division of Archaeology. The Pack Site is located on private property approximately 1.5 mi southwest of Mound Bottom, just south of US-70, and is not open for visitation.</p><br>
<h2>Archaeological history of Mound Bottom</h2><br>
<p>Together the Mound Bottom site and Pack Site contain up to 34 earthen mounds, including between 11 and 14 at Mound Bottom and 20 at Pack. At Mound Bottom, the principal large flat-topped mound and up to 13 additional smaller mounds were arranged around a central plaza. The principal mound at Mound Bottom originally stood at least 36 feet tall and measured about 246 feet along each side of its base, and is oriented approximately 11 degrees east of north. The mound summit was originally accessed via a ramp or staircase located at the midpoint of the eastern face. According to early historical reports the Mound Bottom complex was surrounded by an earthen wall topped with a palisade of upright logs. However, any sign of the palisade had been plowed away by the early 1920s. In addition to the earthen, mounds, the site also included hundreds of houses, cemeteries, and agricultural fields.</p><br>
<p>The late prehistoric Native American culture of the Nashville Basin has been referenced in older and non-scholarly sources as being either the Mound Builders or the Stone Graves Race. Today archaeologists understand that Mound Bottom, Pack, and other late prehistoric mound sites in the area surrounding Nashville were constructed by a regional Mississippian culture known as Middle Cumberland Mississippian. This regional culture was first defined in the 1970s based on distinctive mortuary offerings and the presence of stone box burials, and has since been refined using ceramic typologies A recent reassessment of the Middle Cumberland Mississippian by Moore and Smith</p><br>
<p>By A.D. 1350, Mound Bottom and Pack appear to have been abandoned as a major centers, and while mound building and repair ceased, both sites continued to be used as burial locations. This change corresponds to a period of apparent political destabilization in the region, as the centralized authority of Mound Bottom and other large early sites gave way to fortified, autonomous village centers. This is followed in turn by a gradual abandonment of the region toward the end of the fourteenth century. According to Moore and Smith (2009, page 210), by A.D. 1475, Mississippian settlement of the region drop well below the level of archaeological visibility.</p><br>
<h2>Mound Bottom in recorded history</h2><br>
<p>Early Tennessee historian John Haywood noted Mound Bottom&#39;s importance as an aboriginal site in 1823, and early settlers reported seeing large fortifications and towers at the site. In the late 1860s, Joseph Jones of the Smithsonian Institution investigated several prehistoric sites in Tennessee, and reported "extraordinary aboriginal works" at Mound Bottom.</p><br>
<p>In 1923, William E. Myer, also working with the Smithsonian, carried out the first modern investigation of the Mound Bottom site. Myer uncovered evidence of a structure and hearth atop one of the mounds at the Pack site and evidence of 10 ancient houses at Mound Bottom. Tennessee state archaeologist P.E. Cox followed up on Myer&#39;s finds in 1926, uncovering a number of stone box burials and baked clay floors. Parmenio Edward Cox, Tennessee’s first State Archaeologist, conducted a month of fieldwork at Mound Bottom in 1926. Cox excavated at least 70 graves and tested nine mounds No report on those excavations was published. In 1936, 1937, and 1940 the University of Tennessee conducted excavations at both Mound Bottom and the Pack Site under the auspices of the Works Progress Administration. Those excavations were directed by Charles Nash, and examined several cemeteries and a burial mound.</p><br>
<p>In 1972, the State of Tennessee purchased the Mound Bottom site to preserve it as a state archaeological area. The Tennessee Division of Archaeology dispatched Carl Kuttruff and Michael OBrien to conduct excavations at Mound Bottom in 1974 and 1975. Kuttruff and OBrien tested six mounds and 19 houses. The results of those excavations were published in 2012 in the journal Southeastern Archaeology.</p><br>
<p>In 2005, Mound Bottom became part of Harpeth River State Park, a "linear park" connecting several archaeological, historical, and natural areas along the lower Harpeth. The site is closed to the public, although guided tours are available by request. In 2008 an adjacent 65-acre parcel including additional site area was purchased with the assistance of Tennessee Parks and Greenways Foundation.</p><br>
<p>Mound Bottom and the adjacent pictograph at May&#39;s Mace Bluff were the inspiration for the 2014 Tennessee Archaeology Awareness Month poster, created by the Tennessee Council for Professional Archaeology.</p><br>
<p>Swithland Reservoir is a reservoir in the English county of Leicestershire. It is north-east of the village of Swithland from which it takes its name, north-west of Rothley and approximately 133 metres south-west of Mountsorrel Quarry. It is part of the 187.1 hectare Buddon Wood and Swithland Reservoir Site of Special Scientific Interest .</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Leicester&#39;s rapidly growing population in the latter half of the 19th century required the construction of a series of reservoirs. In 1854 Thornton Reservoir was opened, serving a population of 61,000. By 1861 the population had increased, with the Waterworks Company now directly supplying 24,000 people, and five years later the company was supplying between 60 and 70,000 people and work began on Bradgate Reservoir (now known as Cropston Reservoir). By 1878 the "water population" had increased to 110,000 and by 1893 to 203,000, requiring further reservoirs to be constructed.</p><br>
<p>In 1890 Leicester City Council sought Parliamentary authority to acquire the land required to construct Swithland reservoir, which would be supplied from Lingdale Brook, Swithland Brook, Hallgates Brook, and Bradgate Brook, and construction commenced in 1894, with completion in 1896; The reservoir was constructed by Messrs. John Aird & Sons of London, who submitted a successful £133,511 tender and had a temporary railway extension built from Mountsorrel to assist with transportation of construction materials; This was extended to Hallgates in Cropston, where an additional storage reservoir was constructed, making the length nine miles in total.</p><br>
<h2>Site and location</h2><br>
<p>The site of the reservoir was a wooded valley between six villages. Four of them have parts of their parish covered by it, namely Swithland, Rothley, Woodhouse and Quorn, the other two being Mountsorrel and Woodhouse Eaves. The stream through the valley, which feeds the reservoir, is called Bradgate Brook at the point where it now meets the reservoir. At its outflow it is known as Buddon Brook, and flows north and then west for 2 km (1.4 mi) before joining the River Soar. At its upper reaches, in the hills of Ulverscroft it flows south-east and is called Ulverscroft Brook. At Newtown Linford, where it is known as the River Lin, it turns to the north-east and flows through Bradgate Park and into Cropston Reservoir, after which, as Bradgate Brook it reaches the southern end of Swithland Reservoir. A second stream, known as Swithland Brook, joins the west side of the reservoir having risen beyond Swithland Wood, through which it flows, and continues eastward through Swithland village.</p><br>
<p>The road from Swithland was diverted due to the reservoir&#39;s construction and a bridge constructed at the South end. The dam is at the north end and is crossed by Kinchley Lane. An island known as Brazil Island (the part of Brazil Wood left above water level after flooding) is located south of the centre of the reservoir, with a weir on either side. Brazil Island was the site of a game preserve until it was destroyed by fire in 1938.</p><br>
<h3>Pre-reservoir landscape</h3><br>
<p>In the Domesday Book of 1086 the whole of the Charnwood area was recorded as uninhabited and uncultivated waste, extending in the east almost to the River Soar. Neither Quorn nor Swithland receive an entry, and the Buddon brook valley, along with much of eastern Charnwood, fell within the Manor of Barrow. In the centuries that followed the arrival of Norman lords, some eleven deer parks were established around Charnwood Forest, by the various manorial lords. Barrow Park is first documented in 1135. An almost circular park with Buddon Brook running north-south though its middle. Substantial banks and ditches enclosed an area intended to preserve deer for hunting, and would also have provided timber and other resources of a medieval manor. The northern half of the reservoir lies within Barrow Park, as does the whole of Buddon Wood, and the bank and ditch remain well preserved both around the south-eastern edge of the wood and within the silt of the reservoir floor, as was seen when it was drained in 1976. Also visible in the silt is a moated medieval park-keepers house site, with several fishponds alongside. Unusually for a medieval manor, its history hinged on four sisters, who each inherited a part of Barrow Manor when their father Roger de Sumery died in 1273. Amongst the parcels of land each daughter inherited was a part of Barrow Park, or as it was becoming known, Quorndon Park, as the newer settlement grew up along the parks northern boundary.</p><br>
<p>With each of the daughters married to landowners elsewhere, the park and other lands in Barrow were sold and exchanged in small parcels, but by the fourteenth century were mainly split between two big landowners, the Despenser and Erdington Families. With the disgrace and execution Hugh Despenser in 1326, his estates, now part of the manor of Beaumanor, passed to the Beaumonts. The Erdington line died out in 1467, and having reverted to the crown was added to William Hastings&#39; vast Leicestershire land holdings until his execution in 1483. The manor of Barrow remained with the Hastings family until 1840, but much of the individual land holdings were sold off piecemeal, and it was only in the 18th century that Buddon Wood returned to a single owner when Joseph Danvers was able to consolidate the various parts.</p><br>
<p>Although the park had not been managed as a single unit, its boundaries continued to influence land use and local administration. Substantial sections of the park pale still form the Rothley-Quorn parish boundary and similarly set the Woodhouse-Quorn border until recent rationalisations moved it to the railway line. Likewise, the Rushhey Fields-Kinchley Lane road, where it ran under the reservoir, tracked the park pale for some 500m.</p><br>
<h2>Steam trains</h2><br>
<p>At the same time as the reservoir was being built, the last of the great mainline railways was being driven through the area, to create the Great Central Railway. This passed over the reservoir on two viaducts and the northern side of Brazil Island. The line opened in 1899 and was closed down in the Beeching cuts of the 1960s, but almost immediately a campaign began to re-open the north Leicestershire section, resulting in a return to trains running between Leicester and Loughborough. The viaduct section has a reinstated dual track, and with the completion of the Swithland Sidings signal box in 2012 steam trains have been able make full use of the dual track across the reservoir, and also integrate the Mountsorrel branch line.</p><br>
<h2>Water provision</h2><br>
<p>The dam is 404 yards long and is 26 feet wide at the top and 48 feet wide at the base; It was constructed of concrete and water-clay. A draw-off tower, alongside the dam wall abstracts water for the six filter beds behind the dam wall, which have a total area of 75,000 square feet, surrounding a clear water tank. Water is pumped from the storage tank to the 2 million gallon capacity Hallgates reservoir, and from there it travels through a water main to the lower reservoir at Oadby via gravitation. Several of the buildings at Swithland Reservoir are listed, with much of the pumping station site Grade II listed.</p><br>
<p>The capacity was initially stated at 600 million gallons (100 million gallons more than was originally envisaged), and was thought sufficient to serve a population of 300,000. Early operation of the reservoir was not without difficulties; While it had been envisaged that it would be sufficient to serve Leicester for 20 years, by 1898 further supply capacity from Derbyshire was needed, and the reservoir was considered by some to have been a failure. In 1909 supply to Leicester was temporarily halted due to "vegetable growth" caused by warm weather.</p><br>
<h2>SSSI</h2><br>
<p>The reservoir is part of the Buddon Wood and Swithland Reservoir biological SSSI, and Buddon Hill quarry, which is also designated on geological grounds, is a Geological Conservation Review site. The Mountsorrel granite of Buddon Wood has been such a valuable commodity commercially that it has taken precedence over the wildlife interest of the wood. It is also enigmatic, geologically, both as to its age and the way it formed. As the SSSI citation puts it, if its mysteries could be solved, it would provide a key to unravelling the deep crustal structure of Southern Britain about which so little is known at the moment. The quarry is owned and operated by Tarmac, and a major part of the output is crushed stone for use either as coated stone (eg in roads) or within concrete. Quarrying began in the 1970s and by 2016 the excavated area covered 167 acres which, at its deepest was 120 m below sea level, and some 210 m below the rim.</p><br>
<p>Biologically, the whole site was unequivocal. It is (or at least was, before quarrying began) the richest site in Leicestershire for species diversity. Over 200 species of vascular plants, a third of all recorded British spiders, 20 different butterfly species and 200 moth species have all been recorded within the SSSI area. The ancient woodland of Buddon Wood and the pre-reservoir habitats had developed over thousands of years. But with the arrival of the reservoir, numerous new habitats were introduced which have been exploited by wetland plants and above all by birds. 218 different species of wild birds were recorded on and around the reservoir between 1940 and 2000, of which 92 were known to breed there. The open water is a particularly important roosting and feeding area for large number of waterbirds in winter, and as a stopping off point for migrant species passing through.</p><br>
<h2>Notable tragedies</h2><br>
<p>Local woman May Cook drowned in the reservoir in 1924 after apparently fainting while bathing her head. The body of 19-year-old Ethel Oxford was recovered from the reservoir in April 1925. In 1926 the reservoir was the scene of the suicide of local man Albert Edwin Pepper, who drowned himself by entering the water with a stone weighing 40-60 lbs tied to his waist.</p><br>
<h2>Viaducts</h2><br>
<p>Two viaducts were constructed over the reservoir as part of the Manchester, Sheffield and Lincolnshire Railway&#39;s London Extension, crossing via Brazil Island. Today this forms part of the route of the preserved Great Central Railway. To the south of the viaduct is Swithland Sidings.</p><br>
<p>The Praileaitz Cave  is located in the municipality of Deba .</p><br>
<p>Early in August 2006, various paleolithic cave paintings were found during an archaeological excavation - a non-figurative iconographic grouping made up of smaller groups of red dots, either isolated or forming a series. Researchers have surmised that the paintings were created c. 18,000 years BP.</p><br>
<p>The cave also yielded an unusual set of portable art on pebbles, with abstract forms that, in one case, suggested to the researchers resembled the Venus figurines found elsewhere in Paleolithic Europe. It was dated to the Lower Magdalenian period of the Cro-Magnon people.</p><br>
<h2>Protection concerns</h2><br>
<p>The cave is located next to the Sasiola Quarry, which presents a threat to the conservation of the paintings.</p><br>
<p>On May 24, 2007, the Aranzadi Science Society proposed the establishment of a wide protective area around the cave.</p><br>
<p>On July 17, 2007, the Basque Government adopted (with Ezker Batua and Eusko Alkartasuna voting against) a decree that established a 50-meter protective area around the "rock sanctuary." This level of protection was deemed insufficient by the Aranzadi Science Society, which was in charge of the archaeological excavation and studying the cave paintings.</p><br>
<p>The Frederick Spangenberg House is a historic house in Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States. It was built from 1864 to 1867 as the residence of a farm in what was then rural land outside the urban center. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976 for having local significance in the theme of architecture. Now enveloped by a 20th-century residential neighborhood, it was nominated for being one of the oldest limestone farmhouses preserved in Saint Paul.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Frederick Spangenberg was a German immigrant who built a prosperous dairy farm and milk-distribution business. He also designed this house for himself and his wife Anna. Its yellow limestone walls came from banks of the Mississippi River and hauled by stone-boat over snow to the building site. When the house was under construction, the Spangenbergs lived in a log cabin on one end of the property, near where Jefferson and Cretin avenues intersect today. When completed in 1867, the house was surrounded by an 80 acre dairy farm, well outside the Saint Paul city limits.</p><br>
<p>Today the house is surrounded not by fields and barns but by the paved streets and ample houses of the Macalester–Groveland neighborhood. Sited on a wooded lot, the house at 375 Mount Curve Boulevard—a two-story Greek Revival with 2 ft, random coursed walls—is somewhat obscured from the street by tall hedges. A one-story appendage originally served as a kitchen but was converted into a sitting room in 1932 by two of the Spangenberg sons, who lived in the house after their parents&#39; deaths. The sons also transformed the first-floor bedroom into a kitchen, the parlor into a dining room, and one of the four upstairs bedrooms into a bathroom.</p><br>
<p>In 1954 the Spangenbergs&#39; youngest granddaughter, Gertrude M. Yates, and her husband moved in and updated the interior while preserving its historic integrity. Then almost a century old, the house still contained a wine cellar complete with wooden casks and wine press, paddles and crocks for butter- and cheesemaking, and a cabbage cutter used for large-scale production of sauerkraut—a source of vitamins in the winter. The Yates family lived in the house until 1972, marking the end of the Spangenberg era. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.</p><br>
